Saturday, December 28, 2019

Police Brutality And The Great Railroad Strike Of 1912

When one thinks of a cop. What should come to mind is â€Å"hero.† But nowadays cops are seen as people you want to stay away from. In the past, they were publicly displayed as heroes on television shows and parents, as well as children, knew the names of the officers patrolling their neighborhoods. However, times have certainly changed because police departments have increased the size of their force and tactics have switched and have become less about protect and serve, and more of a militaristic approach. Police officers have abused their power for too long because they have access to so many different types of weapons and there’s been so many cases involving police brutality that it needs to come to an end and they need to be held accountable for what they’ve done. Police brutality has had a long history in the United States. Large scale incidents of brutality were associated with labor strikes, such as The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, The Pullman Strike of 1894, The Lawrence Textile’s Strike of 1912, The Ludlow Massacre of 1914 where one hundred and forty six men were gun down by the National Guard, The Steel Strike of 1919, and The Hanapepe Massacre of 1924, where the police brutally beat striking laborers (Police Brutality). Next came Prohibition, The Civil Rights Movement, The Vietnam War, and The Nixon Administration, which all had large scale acts of police brutality. However, it didn’t stop there. Police brutality is still very much a problem in our country. InShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Has Changed Over The Years1291 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality Police brutality has a long history in which citizens and police have been victims and in recent years it has became a major issue. Many people claim that the citizens are the ones to blame and others claim that the police officers are the ones who should take the blame. The history of police brutality goes way back, even into the 1800’s. Back then it was said to be aimed at the poor labor workers. Workers would go on strike, such as the Great Railroad strike of 1877, the PullmanRead MorePolice Brutality Has Affected American Citizens855 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"To Protect and Serve† (Dorobek) is the official motto of the American Police Academy and to do that requires a balanced relationship of trust and support between police officers and the people they serve. In different ways, civilians and police officer’s both have a responsibility to uphold the law. It is a police officer’s responsibility to defend their community. A civilian’s civil duty is to support their police force to ensure they can carry out their job in the safest and most peaceful mannerRead MorePolice Brutality in America1972 Words   |  8 PagesPolice Brutality in America The Police Department was established to control order and promote good conduct for the civilians in their community. Since the beginning, the police department has been scrutinizing for taking the law into their own hand to restore order. In most cases the individuals affected by brutality is the minorities. Even though the people are happy with the police present in their community, one incident can change the way the community feels towards the Police. ConsequentlyRead MorePolice Brutality Against African Americans1997 Words   |  8 Pagesout?† â€Å"I can’t breathe.† â€Å"I don’t have a gun. Stop Shooting.†(The Last Words). These were some of the last words from victims of police brutality against African Americans. Police brutality has been occurring ever since the police force began, but recently, the police have been targeting African Americans. In 2016, more than 250 African Americans were killed by the police. Most of the victims were u narmed and have not committed a serious offense. These frightening statistics do not have to continueRead MorePolice Brutality2853 Words   |  12 PagesPolice Protality: Introduction Police brutality has been and continues to be of major concern in society. First of all, police brutality is a term used to describe the excessive use of physical force, assault, verbal attacks or slurs, and threats by any law enforcement officer. Efforts to police communities, throughout history, have been tainted by brutality ans abuse of power to some degree. The term police brutality is commonly used very loosely to any and all forms of policeRead MoreMuckrakers in the Progressive Era2521 Words   |  11 PagesAddams and her associates at Hull-House had wide influence not only on key reform movements of their time, but also on major philosophical, sociological, and political thought. She was a leading supporter of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidential campaign in 1912 for the Progressive â€Å"Bull Moose† Party.   Jane Addams along with the prominent women in the International Suffrage Alliance fought for their struggle for peace and equality for wom en.   They founded the Woman’s International League for Peace and FreedomRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Effects Of Environmental Hormones On Public Health And...

Environmental Hormone Mimics: Their Effects on Public Health and the Environment Cassandra Kaur Sheanh California State University, Fresno Abstract This paper explores three published articles that reflect the findings from studies conducted to examine the relationships between environmental hormone mimics (endocrine disruptors) and their effect on the human body. This paper specifically discusses three key environmental hormone mimics: bisphenol-A, dioxins, and pesticides. Each of the three studies links the chosen environmental hormone mimic to abnormalities caused by exposure to the chemicals. Bisphenol-A is linked directly to altering estrogen levels in women. The consequences are carried onto the child if the carrying mother ingests BPA while pregnant. Dioxins are extremely harmful and cannot be disposed of easily despite the amount of land, money, and clean up efforts that are taken. Pesticides simply from working in fields or by eating fruits and vegetables are very harmful in men. A male’s reproductive system is directly impaired as sperm counts drop dramatically and abnormalities effecting sperm size and shape oc cur. Environmental Hormone Mimics and Their Effects on Public Health and the Environment The National Institute of Environmental Health Services defines environmental hormone mimics as a â€Å"generic term for chemical substances, termed endocrine disruptors, that enter the body and mimic hormones thus disrupting theShow MoreRelatedFeedlots Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesconfining cattle, are a number of detrimental effects and ethical issues, such as the number of hormones being introduced into the cattle’s diets. Hormones are chemical substances made by cells in one part of the body and released to regulate responses elsewhere in the body (Marcus, 2010). Produced by pituitary glands, growth hormones regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth and sugar and fat metabolism. Within feedlots, growth hormones are ingested by cattle in detrimental amountsRead MoreMicrobiological Impacts And Impact Of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals919 Words   |  4 Pagesblockage of organism’s hormones. (T rachsel, 2008) Hence, these chemicals are defined as xenobiotics, which refers to foreign bodies or agents to an organism system. (Trachsel, 2008) These EDCs found in aquatic environment have a variety of harm effects on animals, humans and or the ecosystem in general, that can differ the hemostasis due to the elimination of natural occurring hormones in animals or human bodies when they interfere with the synthesis and transportation of hormones that are responsibleRead MorePcp Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesunintentional presence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in various compartments of the aquatic environment at concentrations capable of causing detrimental effects to the aquatic organisms. This has become a major concern because PPCPs are extensively and increasingly used in human and veterinary medicine, resulting in their continuous release to the environment. Although pharmaceutical pollutants do not seem harmful to humans as of yet, unsettling clues from aquatic life tellsRead More Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, companies are becoming socially responsible and now stakeholders almost expect a company to have CSR policies. Therefore, in twentieth century, corporate social responsibility (CSR) became an important development in public life (Barnett, ND).Corporate social responsibility is defined as â€Å"the ways in which an organisation exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation and corporate governance† (Johnson, Schools and Whittington, N.D cited in March, 2012)Read MoreGas And Oil Company Is The State Where Government Control Is Limited And Texans950 Words   |  4 PagesSita Lama Professor Sherry Sharifian GOVT 7 May 2017 Health and Environmental Hazard of Fracking and Use of Plastic Bags in Texas Texas is the state where government control is l imited and Texans want to grow up by own self. Most of the cities have general rule and some have home rule. There are council-manager, mayor-council, mayor- manager which form local government. There is county government and has 254 counties in Texas. The members elected in the government by the people to represent theirRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms : Are Good For Us Or Not?1316 Words   |  6 Pagesmany people who have very strong opinions on this topic. These opinions are most often based on ideas about the cause and effect of GMO’s, in other words, GMO’s causing either positive or negative effects. Here are a few reasons why people believe GMOs are good and should be used. Some proponents of GMO’s state that testing of GMO’s shows that they do not cause negative effects. Inorder for products with GMOs to be allowed on the shelves in stores, they are repeatedly tested before they can beRead MoreChemical Effects On Humans And Society1017 Words   |  5 Pagesor block other organism’s hormones, and one of these hormonal chemicals is Endocrine disrupting chemicals known as EDCs. (Trachsel, 2008) thus, these chemicals are often known to be agents that are foreign to an organism system, a xenobiotic. (Trachsel, 2008) mainly found in aquatic environments, EDCs have a handful of harm effects on animals, humans and the ecosystem in general, which differs in the way they are regulated (homeostasis) due to the natural occurring hormones in animals or human bodiesRead MoreEssay On Eating Away Your Endocrine System1740 Words   |  7 PagesYour Endocrine System In 1954, the FDA approved growth-stimulating hormones for use in the general public, creating an opportunity to make that dream an unsettling reality (FDA 1). Not only were these synthetic drugs encouraged as a supplement during human pregnancies, but for use in livestock as well (CDC 1). Aiding in the conversion of feed to fat in animals, dramatically increasing the rate of growth, artificial growth hormones seemed like the cattleman’s miracle elixir. However, in 1971, the FDARead MoreThe Use Of Bisphenol A ( Bpa )1647 Words   |  7 PagesBackground The use of bisphenol A (BPA) in consumer products has been controversial and reemerging as a purported threat to public and environmental health. Since its first uses as a xenoestrogen in the early 1900s, BPA is now used extensively in plastics, food packaging, thermal receipts, and dental products. With estimated annual production of BPA exceeding 4 million metric tons, humans are exposed to BPA through a variety of routes, including ingestion through dietary sources, dermal exposureRead More The Federal Government Should Regulate Fracking Essay3255 Words   |  14 Pages An individual’s environment plays a pivotal role in their overall health. The environment can affect a range of physical and mental processes, and is considered a defining factor of well-being. As a result, specific geographic areas are instrumental in shaping an individual’s health profile. This is clearly seen in the disparity between those living in areas exposed to toxic substances, versus i ndividuals living in clean environments. Individuals in unpolluted environments experience the advantage

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

The Smith Family Charity Australian Organization- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSmith Family Charity Australian Organization. Answer: Key Organizational Industry Practices and Principles to NFP Businesses with Complex Interrelationships The Smith Charity Family in Australia is a sovereign national enterprise that provides opportunities and other prospects to needy and disadvantaged families. It creates a way for the betterment of education and prospects in the living conditions. Its mainly concerned with the family interconnection programs that increase and provide better education to the deprived children and families. It also provides for the chance to support rising talents through ensuring that social capital is available. The programs in the charity facilitate children and family skills development around life courses. They build successful relationships and attribute to skills of the families in various communities, institutions, and workstations (Simmons, 2010). Through these key developments, low-income families and children can gain skills through education which will make them competitive to the growing demand of the current century. Literacy emergency through reading and writing provides for numerical fin ancial, digital and health gains in the communities and the whole population. The organization has applied the NFP approach for generating its principles and industry practice that will benefit the diverse groups in the society and not the organization. The Australian Charity family is characterized by the diversity that is associated with only service delivery to the excluded communities and the population in the groups (Smith, 2005). The firm sets goals and runsthe activities by providing significant, flexible scope of frameworks. They emphasize on focusing the organizations responsiveness to the sources of capital and sharing the values to the social, environmental mission. Through strict governance, it provides rapid growth and impacts service delivery and social cooperation to the people and children involved (Abdy and Barclay, 2001). The approach of not-for-profit in the organization provides capital and encourages financial reports that eventually capture and contribute to real relationship networks. Fundamental operations of the volunteers increase and create gifts and value partnerships that create trust in relationships thus building important characters. The NFPs provide impacts in the organization as long and short term outcomes. They evaluate complex needs of financial assistance to the needy. Through standard operations, the group can blend in various activities quantitatively and qualitatively. This provides a social impact that frames the organization as an attractive business related enterprise. The Smith Charity family organization comprehensively manages the values of the groups and families involved. They link values, strategies, and performance of the entire system and eventually offer strategic and efficient opportunities and achievements. Despite the limited resources associated with the organizations, it provides significant profits to the relevant requirements of the needy people. It serves valuable benefits to the actual risks and consequences to the perceived business nature in the environmental setups. The principles of the organization as underlined through the not for profit approach provides and contributes to balanced productivity perspectives. It strengthens and weakens the challenges that efficiently evolve collaboration partnerships in the enterprises. The Smith family recommends for the contribution and powerful attraction of experiences of volunteers and paid workers (Jones and Lewis, 1996). Development and provision of government policies are compromised by the family to engage supportive operations. Finally, the Smith family addresses social issues that cannot be mate by the government. It secures more funding capacity, vibrant practices, community transparency and self-governing opportunities of public affairs. The organization forms ideologies and motivates other sectors in the society for the accountability of business industries Reference List Abdy, M. and Barclay, J. (2001). Marketing collaborations in the voluntary sector. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 6(3), pp.215-230. Jones, H. and Lewis, J. (1996). The Voluntary Sector, the State and Social Work in Britain: The Charity Organization Society/Family Welfare Association since 1869. The Economic History Review, 49(1), p.196. Simmons, P. (2010). Effective Organizational Communication: Perspectives, Principles Practices (3rd edition) 20102Richard Blundel and Kate Ippolito. Effective Organizational Communication: Perspectives, Principles Practices (3rd edition). Distributed by Trans?Atlantic Publications Inc.: Financial Times/Prentice?Hall 2008. 448 pp., ISBN: 9780273713753 UK41.99 Harlow, UK. Journal of Communication Management, 14(4), pp.390-392. Smith, M. (2005). Diversity and Identity in the Nonprofit Sector: Lessons from LGBT Organizing in Toronto. Social Policy and Administration, 39(5), pp.463-480.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

My Sisters Keeper

Introduction The past few decades have witnessed monumental advances in the health care industry. Through advances in areas such as transplantation and genetic engineering, physicians have been provided with the means with which to restore the health of critically ill patients.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on My Sister’s Keeper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patients who would a few decades ago have been condemned to death due to dysfunctional vital organs in their body can have their health restored through organ transplantations. While donor organs can be obtained from various sources, the probability of successful transplantations is increased when the patient is a genetic match with the donor. This situation has led to the development of a solution known as the â€Å"savior sibling†. In this solution, a sibling to a child afflicted by a fatal illness such as leukemia is conceived through genetic engineering. This healthy sibling assists by providing the necessary transplant organs for his/her sick sibling in the future. While this solution increases the chances of survival for the sick sibling since the savior sibling is a healthy genetic match making him/her a perfect donor, the practice raises significant medical, ethical and moral issues. The movie â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper†, based on a novel by the same title written by Jodi Picoult, attempts to explore the issues raised by the savior sibling solution. Case Study The movie â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper†, directed by Nick Cassavetes, focuses on the consequences of the decision by two parents to create a savior sibling for Kate who is their sick first-born daughter. Kate suffers from leukemia and because of her condition, she is constantly sick. While at a young age, Kate’s doctors inform her parents that she will die within a few years. However, one of Kate’s doctors suggests t hat Kate’s chances of survival could be greatly increased if she had a genetically compatible sibling who could donate organs and bone marrow tissue to her. The parents are very anxious to extend Kate’s life and they therefore decide to genetically conceive a child who will act as Kate’s perpetual organ donor. Anna is the sibling who is conceived for the primary reason of providing organ or cell transplants for her older sister Kate who suffers from acute promyelocytic leukemia.Advertising Looking for case study on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The movie reveals that Anna is genetically matched to Kate and this makes her a perfect donor. From the time she is five years of age, Anna is forced to go through major medical procedures in order to keep her big sister alive. At the Age of 11, Anna makes the decision to take her parents to court where she seeks medical emancipation. She engages t he services of a prominent Attorney, Campbell Alexander, and together they sue for Anna’s parents to be denied some of their parental rights. This would enable Anna to dictate what should be done with her body and free her from her role as Kate’s organ donor. Anna’s attorney argues that Anna should be allowed to decide on how her body is used instead of being used as a body spare part for her sister. The film also shows how Kate’s illness affects the lives of her brother, sister, and parents. Her older brother Jesse feels overlooked since his parents are overly concerned about the sickly Kate. While Jesse is a good brother, he is neglected as his parents focus on Kate and her donor sister Anna. Kate’s mother is overprotective and her inflated concern for her daughter almost jeopardizes her marriage. When Kate gets out of the hospital to go to the beach, her mother is furious and even threatens not to join them at the beach. The movie later reveals that Anna’s decision to sue her parents was made after Kate requested Anna to do this. Kate has had to battle with illnesses since she was first diagnosed with leukemia during her childhood years. Her disease has affected her entire family and especially her little sister who has been forced to act as an organ donor. Kate does not think she will survive the kidney transplant and is ready to die. However, she knows that her mother will not allow her to refuse the surgery and she therefore convinces Anna to sue for medical emancipation. In the end, Kate acts as her â€Å"sister’s keeper† by encouraging Anna to sue for medical emancipation and therefore avoid compromising her future life by donating a kidney. Kate dies at the hospital before the court decision is announced. Her death makes it unnecessary for Anna to donate her kidney regardless of the ruling. Even so, it is revealed that Anna won her case for medical emancipation meaning her parents no longer have the right to dictate what should be done with her body.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on My Sister’s Keeper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Following Kate’s death, her family commemorates her birthday by visiting Montana and Anna declares that she will see Kate again. The Suffering of the Little Girl Anna is shown to suffer physically due to the savior sibling solution used by the parents. She has already spent a significant amount of time going to hospital for invasive procedures such as the bone marrow extraction in order to assist her sister. At the tender age of five, Anna was made to undergo medical procedures to provide organs or tissue to her sister. The movie reveals that Anna has undergone the bone marrow extraction procedure a number of times for Kate. Anna’s childhood is therefore stolen from her, as she is required to visit the hospital for operations in order to save her si ster. As Kate’s leukemia advances, she suffers from renal failure and as usual, Anna’s parents expect her to donate one of her kidneys to her ailing sister. Even though this does not occur since Kate dies, Anna appears to be ready to undergo surgery to save her sister. In addition to the physical suffering endured by Anna, she also experiences some emotional suffering. The girl suffers when she first discovers that she was conceived for the sole purpose of providing organs for her elder sister. Anna admits that unlike most babies who were conceived for no practical reason, she was born to save her sister’s life. Anna questions her purpose in life considering that she was only conceived to provide organs for her older sister. Anna also suffers psychologically when her relationship with her mother is damaged because of Anna’s decision to sue for medical emancipation. When it is revealed to the parents that Anna is taking them to court, her mother slaps her. Advertising Looking for case study on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The relationship between Anna and her mother is troubled even as they engage in the court battle against each other. Anna’s mother feels that is it Anna’s obligation to provide the kidney that Kate needs to survive. Anna is also burdened with the responsibility of keeping her sister alive. While Kate’s illness affects the entire family, Anna is affected the most since she is responsible for providing parts of her body to keep her sister alive. This additional responsibility on the little girl makes it impossible for her to enjoy a normal life. Even after Kate has instructed Anna to file for medical emancipation, Anna still makes preparations of the Kidney transplant meaning that she is ready to give up one of her kidneys for her sister. It is morally wrong to place such a heavy burden on a child. Conclusion The movie â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper† analyses some significant issues that biotechnology can cause. The ethical issues that can arise from conce iving a savior sibling are addressed by looking at the case of Kate and her sister Anna. This paper shows that while the availability of a genetically matched organ donor for the sick sibling prolongs her life, it does so at a significant physical and emotional cost to the other child. This is the situation that led to the medical emancipation lawsuit that Anna made against her parents. The court ruling was in favor of Anna, which suggests that Anna’s parents acted unethically when they created Anna through in vitro fertilization for the primary purpose of saving Kate. That action ignored Anna’s rights over her body and overlooked her physical and emotional well-being. From the situations created in this movie, it is clear that medical advances such as genetic engineering and organ transplantation create a number of significant ethical issues that must be addressed by society. Works Cited Nick Cassavetes. Dir. My Sister’s Keeper. Curmudgeon Films, 2009. Film. This case study on My Sister’s Keeper was written and submitted by user Vector to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

World Religions an Example by

World Religions Since the prehistoric era, religion has been in this world. The foremost indication of this religion was through the Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (Molloy) which existed 100, 000 years ago. Every now and then, religion persists to be an exceedingly leading facet of human lives. In this contemporary period, lots of crises and challenges are experienced by humans from all feasible conditions, setting and social category. Day by day, everyone ought to endure matters of fitness, security and transience. And due to these every day concerns that religion persists to exist. As a fact, religion is being held as the general instrument for elaborating things which human beings do not comprehend using the context of the recognized material world. Need essay sample on "World Religions" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Even though there are immeasurable religions, each unique from the other, they all provide the similar function. All of them provide answers for the questions which mankind appear to be automatic to inquire: Why we exist? How shall we manage our lives? What is there after life or is there really an after life? Religion makes it possible for us to convey our values and standards from one generation to another, and affects the means we act together with the natural world (Matthews). It educates us how to distinguish ourselves in light of all the creations and gives rationale and significance to life. Among the countless religions across the world, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism are the leading religions of the world. Approximately, there are 2.1 billion adherents of the Christian faith, 1.5 billion for Islam, 900 million for Hinduism, and 376 million for Buddhism (Esposito s population is not a member of any established religious group. The eighty-four percent of the worlds population is affiliated with various religions which imply that most people from across the globe employ the teachings of the traditions set by the religious groups that they are in as their guide in living their lives. This means that the values and beliefs that they have are mainly influenced by their religions such that whatever their actions or behaviors or way of arriving at decisions could really be traced from their religions. If this is so, then religion could really govern the entire human activity. Though it seems that religions could be the over-all author of mankinds everyday dealings, religion has been the subject of debates and disputes. The diversity of religions in the world makes it too hard for everyone to just simply go with the course of life. While particular religions describe how life must be realized, others tell otherwise. And there the clash begins. From the ancient period, major conflicts were identified with and attributed to the variety of religions and the contrasting beliefs and traditions that they had. The holocaust was surely among the most identified example of religious war (Matthews). And so are the other wars that occurred in the history of the world. The most simple justification of those wars was based on the idea that the proponents of those wars were just doing what they ought to do in order to uphold their religious traditions and standards. And efforts or means to prevent them from doing such would mean suppressing their freedom to promote their religious inclinations. This was surely a mistaken assumption held by the advocates of each religion who were part of the aforementioned conflicts. But was there any way to prevent the happening of those wars without imposing restraining orders concerning their religious practices and traditions? Definitely, there were no means established then which led to hostilities and severe misunderstandings. So much for the ill-results motivated by the existence of various religions in the world, could one boldly assert that religions are nothing but institutions made to cause divergence and disagreement? Could one claim that the world is better off without religions? This is another interesting argument against religions. The abolition or the maintenance of world religions would ignite another war (Esposito & Fasching). This time it is not among religions but between those who believe that religion is still geared towards the greater good and those who suppose that the eradication of all the established religions in the world would help resolve the conflicts of the world. While the Christians believe in God and the salvation of the souls, the Muslims promote the teachings of Allah and the doctrines written in Quran, the Hindus continue to seek for that which gives peace to mind, and the Buddhists try to maintain the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, their quests and purposes are directed towards one goal that is to obtain the good life (Molloy). In this time of globalization, it is expected that everyone will be acquainted and exposed to different kinds of people as well as various settings. Being open with the different religious beliefs and standards is really one of the best way to understand not only the reason why other people live their live their way, but also to realize ones own cause in this world. Works Cited Esposito, John L. and Fasching, Darrell J. World Religions Today. Second ed. Oxford University Press, 2005. Matthews, Warren. World Religions. Fifth ed. Wadsworth Publishing, 2006. Molloy, Michael. Experiencing the Worlds Religions. Fourth ed. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2006.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Japanese expansionary fiscal policy

Japanese expansionary fiscal policy Introduction Since the fall of the Soviet Union, capitalism has been the most dominant form of economy in the world. With the exception of China and Cuba, few socialist economies survive in the world today. Japan, along with the United States, has some of the oldest capitalist economies in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese expansionary fiscal policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most significant features of the market economy is the cycles that characterize it. Perhaps, the most severe of these cycles is depression which last occurred in 1933. However, recession is devastating as well, and it disrupts many economic processes including credit flow. Both the US and Japan have gone through these cycles and offer a good studying point on the same. While China dethroned Japan as the world’s second largest economy, Japan still presents a model case for world economists in studying its economic cycles. This discussion will focus on the â€Å"scrap and build† strategy that Japan employed early on its economic development especially in industrial development. Additionally, the discussion will take a look at the balance sheet recession that some scholars argue Japan has undergone since the bubble bust in 1989. Scrap and Build Strategy There has been an argument by Burkett and Hart-Landsberg that, since the end of the occupation in 1952, Japan, under the guidance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), practiced a strategy of ‘scrap and build,† which eventually ran out of steam by the end of the 1980’s. Scrap and build strategy mainly focused on the postwar accumulation of assets and industrial restructuring in Japan with the primary aim of restoring the Japanese economy, mainly through exports (Rob 5). Before the oil crisis in 1973, Japan had run down light industries which in the prewar period ensured the country genera ted a surplus for a number of years. The government used this surplus to offer subsidies to heavy industries whose growth will later fuel Japanese capitalism. â€Å"Scrap and build†essentially derived its meaning from the Japanese government policy which emphasized on building heavy industry for chemicals and basic materials for processing imported raw materials while exporting iron, steel, ships and petroleum products (Rob 6). On the other hand, the policy advocated for the scraping of coal mining and agriculture as well as textiles. According to Rob, it is important to note that the scrap and build process involved many socio-political processes that eventually led to its decline (9). Rob adds that the scrap and build process demanded high-level political organization and a social structure that could accommodate the dislocations that the process brought (9).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most observers essentially agree that the scrap and build process was somehow a causality of the cold war and the resultant socio-political consequences that had a negative ripple effect on the entire system. Rob precisely says that the breakdown of the scrap and build process was as a result of the socialist elements in the Japanese system who prioritized development of the welfare state at the expense of market efficiency (10). An objective audit of the entire process will reveal however, a gradual loss of control of the working class by the bourgeois which in effect reduced the effectiveness of labor relations resulting in the decline of the process. Bailey on the other hand argues that the decline of the scrap and build process was as a result of years of cumulative dynamic capitalism ways that were beyond the control of Japan’s economic managers (192). It is not easy to tell if the scrap and build process in Japan would have survived b eyond the 1980’s. However, loss of steam was more or less likely because of economic cycles that ensured that the process peaked at the time. Nonetheless, it is safe to conclude that despite its loss of steam in the 80’s, the process was strong enough to power Japan to greater economic prosperity in the long run. Japan’s balance sheet recession The world economic crisis in 2008 reverberated across the world perhaps because many countries anchor their economies with that of the United States. Currently, the US economy is recovering but, another important economic zone, the Eurozone is undergoing one of its worst economic crises. These situations are comparable to the Japan balance sheet recession and the deleveraging cycles that Japan’s private sector had to go through twenty years ago due to the asset bubble in equities and real estate. According to Weinstein, both the government and the private sector of Japan responded to the crisis by adopting an expan sionist approach to fiscal policy (45). The private sector stated paying big debts, improving by atleast 6% of the gross domestic product. Household savings stood at 4% per year on the backdrop of 0% interest rates (Weinstein 50). The government of Japan’s expansionary fiscal policy was however the most significant. The government borrowed heavily and spent approximately $100 to maintain the economy’s expenditure at $1000 (Weinstein 50). Though the balance sheet recession led to a massive loss of wealth, Japan was able to avoid loss of GDP by rates lower than the pre-crisis levels. The expansionary policy by government helped maintain incomes in the private sector as well as in the households in such a way that economic entities were able to pay back debt.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese expansionary fiscal policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Objective analysis of the situation will conclu de that the Japanese government’s fiscal expansion policies helped stem crowding out, rise in inflation and interest rates especially on the face of a deleveraging private sector. Further, most economists agree that the expansionist fiscal policy that the government undertook helped in shelving the fall of money supply in the Japanese economy mainly because government borrowing from the private sector mitigated severe contraction of Japanese bank assets. Concisely, the expansionary fiscal policy that the Japanese government took was helpful in ensuring that the GDP as well as money supply did not contract on the face of considerable deleveraging by the private sector players. Conclusion In a balance sheet recession situation, the economy tends to be in a free fall. However, the actions by the Japanese government helped stem a complete collapse of the economy through a fiscal expansion policy. It is correct to assert that if the Japanese government lacked action i.e. expansion ary fiscal policy, economic agents in the Japanese economy would have shifted massively from borrowing to savings effectively strangling credit flow. The result will be private sector deleveraging which could only be offset by increased government borrowing. One of the widely accepted notions in the market economy is the role of investor psychology. The perception of economic agents on the health of the economy is important in making decisions. Hence, the perception that the government is taking remedial measures concerning the economy is always crucial in sorting out an economic mess such as the Japanese balance sheet recession. Bailey, David. Crisis Or Recovery in Japan: State and Industrial Economy, New York: Sage Publications, 2007. Print. Steven, Rob. Japans new imperialism, New York: Routledge, 1990. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weinstein, David. Japans Bubble, Deflation, and Long-Term Stagnation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

OBLIGATIONS A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

OBLIGATIONS A - Essay Example re contractual relationship.3 In the milieu of lengthy negotiations between the contracting parties, it becomes difficult to establish whether the contract has been formed and the time when it becomes effective or the conditions under which it was formed.4 This document examines a case study involving a negotiation between Andalasia and Arundel PLC to determine whether their negotiations could be construed as offer and acceptance leading to a legal agreement. A contract must have an offer by from one party to the contract that must be accepted by the other party to signify mutual consent to form a legal agreement.5 Offer expresses the willingness of one party to enter into an agreement with another party under the terms specified in the offer and which the other party must accept outright. The offer must communicate their intention to the other party whose acceptance forms the basis of the legal relationship.6 The acceptance of an offer should not alter the terms of an offer a condition referred as â€Å"mirror image rule.†7 However, in case the party to whom the offer is made introduces new terms as the prerequisite for acceptance that will amount to counteroffer that is tantamount to rejection of the offer.8 As described in the principle of UNIDROIT, a contract can be established by an acceptance of an offer or conduct of the parties as long as they are sufficient to demonstrate agreement.9 The parties intending to form a contra ct must demonstrate their intentions to be legally bound before a contract is recognized as binding. In addition, there should be the consideration between the parties forming a contract though it needs not be adequate.10 Consideration could be anything of value exchanged between the parties or a detriment one party is likely to suffer due to the breach of conditions set in the agreement. There are other requirements the parties must satisfy in order to establish a formal agreement. For example, the parties must have contractual capacity

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

What makes china an attractive location for inward direct investment Essay - 1

What makes china an attractive location for inward direct investment by multinational enterprises - Essay Example The country went ahead to announce increased merger and acquisition deals to over one hundred and thirty mergers in 2009. Outer merger and acquisitions in 2008 exceeded US $27billion. China’s strength in the international investment lies its economy’s consistency through downturns (Qu et al 2010). Foreign outflow and inflows in China have been notably stable despite persistent downturns on the global threshold. Most studies attribute development of the Chinese economy and its financial stability to foreign investments. More than fifty per cent of Chinese exports come from foreign connections are located within the country. Out of five hundred of the world’s largest companies, three hundred have extended their productivity schemes to China. These foreign firms alone employed approximately twenty four million workers within China (Green et al 2010). The data taken shows that over three quarters of Western, Japanese and other Asian multinational organizations move to China for the domestic market (Urata et al 2006) Investors are especially attracted to China by the low costs of labor and land. The Chinese labor force is among the largest in the world. It consists of over one hundred and four million in the productive sector. This number alone doubles the labor forces of Germany, US, Italy, Canada and Britain all put together. The Chinese market is also characterized by offer deficit besides the favorable costs of land and available labor. China is endowed with resources such as minerals for example, aluminum, bauxite and oil that are useful in the investment process. Its investment is influenced by money supply and recent account balances. Countries seeking to attract foreign investment use such methods as these. The methods involve creation of incentives in reduced taxation on export of goods to China, tough recommendations on technology and favorable loaning processes along with good infrastructure

Sunday, November 17, 2019

The Rules on Formation of Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rules on Formation of Contracts - Essay Example The first thing next morning, Kevin went round to Jack’s house and, as soon as Jack opened the door, told him that he would pay  £2000 for the motorcycle alone. Jack said that he already sold it to someone else. The formation of a legally binding contract requires a valid offer, a valid acceptance, an intention to create legal obligations and consideration. An offer is a valid offer when it is legal, clear, and communicated to the offeree. It must be clear and without any ambiguities. Acceptance also needs to be properly communicated. The person to whom an offer is made must accept the exact terms of the offer. Once an offer is accepted, it becomes a promise. The parties must have an intention to be legally bound by the terms of their agreement. When an agreement becomes enforceable by law, it becomes a contract. There a must be a consideration for both the parties involved. There must be something for something for both the parties. If these elements are present in the given scenario, the dealing between Kevin and Jack would be regarded as an agreement and, being enforceable by law, a contract. The formation of a contract initiates through an offer which is â€Å"an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed†1. In the given case, Jack sent a text message to Kevin in which he offered him a motorcycle for the price of  £2000. He communicated his offer to the addressee, Kevin, through a proper mode of communication. Also, there was no ambiguity in his offer since the subject matter was stated clearly. Therefore, Jack made a valid offer to Kevin. Jack had told Kevin that his offer was open for acceptance till 10 am on the next day. Kevin sent a reply to Jack in which he accepted Jack’s offer and asked if the price included a leather suit. Kevin had accepted Jack’s  offer in the first part of his text message.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Change Management And Leadership

Change Management And Leadership INTRODUCTION The present age of business is extremely competitive and the only tool for survival is adaptability which comes through constant change. Vested deeply in leadership styles, culture and communication, successful change is vital and yet hard to describe. The role of human resource as an active partner, focusing on the companys vision and ensuring open communication channels is fundamental for change in the organization. Change in any organization may be a result of a combination of elements; social, cultural, economic and/or environmental (Beer, 2002). Also, a lot of companies indulge in the change process to improve their overall efficiency. It is quite established that any kind of change in the organization, triggers emotions as the employees face the effects and end results of the transformation. The way and extent to which employees may experience emotions is largely shaped and influenced by the culture of the organization (Beer, 2002). Research suggests that when the employees val ues were consistent with the organization, they embrace the changes more easily (Beardwell, 2004). However, the emotional response to cultural change is usually of a severe nature. It is known that when emotions were taken into account and respected the employees positively adapt to the change. SCOPE OF THE PAPER The paper is an effort to understand organizational change in the global economy. In this paper I shall attempt to explain the importance of mission command as a driving agent for change. Furthermore, I shall also discuss the roles of leaders in order to bring about successful change and lastly, the role model of a successful organization for the global age. DEFINING CHANGE MANAGEMENT Change management, which is the recognized method for bringing about any change in the organization, is defined as the procedural manner and implementation of skills and knowledge, resources and tools to control the outcomes of change (Beer, 2002). It implies defining and embracing corporate plans, procedures, technologies and configurations to handle the change which results from both internal and external events. More and more, change management is perceived as a vital part of every business to boost productivity and maximize profits by ensuring that the organization remains at par with the changes in the surroundings (Beer, 2002). Nonetheless, to bring about an all-encompassing and manageable change, there are usually few barriers that have to be overcome. Usually, these barriers surface because of the organizations failure to address the vital elements of change management, which includes intelligent planning, proper communication and cooperation, often on many lines and varying cultures (Beer, 2002). To carry out the responsibility of a strategic business partner, human resources must be incorporated in the change management process from the very first step. After a thorough understanding of change, from employee perspective to novel tools and techniques, human resources play a very significant role to bring about change in any organization successfully. DISCUSSION Sudden shifts, authentic and drastic revolutions are the forces that are changing the nature and environment of businesses in the current age of globalization. The business arena is getting tougher and the competitors too resourceful as organizations are liberated from the traditional ways of operating (Machin, 2003). The old notions for conducting business no longer hold true in the era of globalization. Globalization is a term with no specific definition and is often used interchangeably with the term internationalization. As mission command explains, global leaders are those who have the potential to steer through the intricacies of the transactional business world. (Kanter, 2003) They express the vision and plan in a multi-environment from a multiple functionality perspective so that they are able to pull along the entire team. This requires setting up examples thorough determined leadership and sharing the views of the team members. This implies fast paced development for individuals with potential along with a multi-cultural exposure, performance appraisals and developmental opportunities to keep them motivated. The teams led by global managers need a vision and a global fellow feeling (Kanter, 2003). This means that high performance global organizations should create an all-encompassing culture where people feel that their interests match with those of the organization and hence they remain self-challenged in accordance with the mission dashboard. In such an environment, a sense of belonging preva ils and motivation stems from common values and ideals, being involved in work that is both challenging and has meaning too. (Millward, 2007) Such organizations are not distracted by inward issues. They have a clear agenda and focus on competition, consumers and communities. Both the commercial and the large-firm divisions of the financial structure are experiencing a transformation in UK, stemming from a system which was egalitarian, had low affinity between work endeavor and incentive to more market-driven preparations. This development creates a necessity for management methods that twist the relation linking an individual employees efforts and the monetary outcomes associated with it (London, 2001) Nonetheless, the speed with which the change occurs is very different for both segments. Influenced by political factors, local groups exercising control or even due to links with the government, a lot of big organizations enjoy better and protected positions. It is not rare to come across companies which are inefficient but have been given favors due to their connections. In such scenarios, mission leadership provides the missing link between the desired strategies and the processes required for their implementation and execution. However, with mission le adership things have become more transparent. An inefficient favor may acquire undue favors but when it comes to success, only real potential wins the show in the tough competitive global arena (Coram, Burnes, 2006). When managing changes in organizations, the role of a leader is extremely crucial. It draws on one of the key notions of leadership literature, on interpersonal influences and also as the significant role that managers assume in the business as change agents. Their influence is reflected in the change process as they catalyze it. Leaders today must make decisions in highly complex, competitive and dynamic environments (Gilbert, 2007). This makes effective decision-making more difficult as well as more critical than in the past. Research has found that managers frequently plan, solve problems and make decisions based upon incomplete and sometimes inaccurate information. At worst, this may result in dire consequences for their organization. At best, this can cause less than optimal decisions to be made, placing the organization in a less effective and competitive position than it would otherwise be. Ineffective use of information is often due to the following factors: Managers may make incorrect assumptions about or lack knowledge of, available information. They may lack the comfort, ability or inclination to access critical information because of chain of command or networking issues. Staff may be unequipped to adequately interpret existing information. Critical internal and external information and the abilit y to access it may be absent. Communication promotes changes and broadens support for the companys goals. Communication has been emphasized throughout research as a key to successful leadership roles. Effective leaders understand the importance of communicating the company values and making sure that these values connects with followers and their needs. The management of change process also depends upon the type of organization under review. Different change management procedures are successful in different settings. In other words, success can be determined in terms of the organizations capacity to fit and adjust well in its changing environment. (Kotter, 2005) An innovative organization is one in which forces of change such as learning is truly reflected, whereas the force of direction results from its environment, In order to keep up to date with the fast paced global business environment, it has now become a necessity to properly manage employees in the workplace. In efforts to excel in the global economy, organizations have evolved from personnel to human resource to finally human capital management (Pettigrew, 2000). Efficient organizations are those who strive to formulate productive and positive relations with employees globally. This ultimately becomes visible in the policies that demand full cooperation of the employees through using better proper performance and organizational change strategies (Kouzes et al, 2005). As technology continues to invade every aspect of our personal and business lives, it is predicted that the economic pressures will increase and will raise a demand for custom-tailored services transformations. It is therefore important for employee relations to stress on knowledge management and individuals at a personal level to gain competitive advantage (Burnes, 2000). The evolving model of industrial relations therefore, acknowledges that companies will be successful in any competitive situation only if they are able to raise the employees skills through a structured method which ensures sustainable benefit and as a result, establishes a safe future for all the employees. When translated, it broadly means that efficient, mutually consented functioning and a basic understanding of workers ambitions should be kept in mind. Overall, it emphasizes on recognizing employees voice (Knights, 2002). Employee voice is described in various manners and is expressed through diverse paths. Another very frequently used way for employee voice is attitude surveys, which provide a flexible but not an interactive route. A few categories of employee voice encompass direct contribution in the organization and structuring of work and an indirect affect on major decisions which have an influence on the organization in the wider perspective via mutual committees or job c ouncils. Like the work environment, leadership style and culture all have a huge impact on the performance and efficiency output of any organization, in the same manner; employee relations too, greatly affect the performance of any organization (Kouzes et al, 2005). One way of leadership is transformational leadership where the leaders act beyond their agendas as emotions steer them to and another is transactional leadership where the leaders map efforts with proper rewards. Nonetheless, the basic constituents that make up good practice are proper skill training and development, job design, continuing consultation and guidance and involvement (Kotter, 2005). Along with this approach is the practice of fair and good management which promotes a positive self worth based on unbiased decisions and mutual trust incorporated into the organizations culture. The outcome of this approach is directly connected to companys performance as it affects the dedication level of employees, besides their motiva tion to perform and excel. For all these reasons it is very significant to maintain healthy employee relations. In UK, in any organization, from the employees viewpoint of their agreement, their individual evaluations of success at work are influenced by a range of elements which encompasses the type of wok assigned, social incorporation in the work environment, involvement in decisions and most of all job security (Burnes, 2000). All these collectively make the understanding of any given job. Even though the contract is for individuals, it has aspects involved that are important to the entire workgroup, at the department level or even throughout the organization. One can say that the nature of employee relations in UK has undergone a lot of significant changes in idea as well as in procedure, leaving widespread impacts. Once, what were considered just unions grew to a level of social participation with constituents of unitarist and pluralist models combined to create a mediatory third approach? (Taylor, 2003)The rebirth of the role of union involvement as partners in organizations, along with the widening of the previously strict concept of voluntarism, to entail an extensive and general approach which had the tendency to embrace economic facts, has depicted that voluntarism in the UK work environment still remains a founding standard in employee relations. (Taylor, 2003) Moreover, the paradigm shift promoting employee involvement has added a new meaning to the employee-manager relationship which has caused a deep change of culture in many business organizations. This also means that the paternalistic and technical beliefs that were prevalent have to be abandoned. With time the reality and presence of the change is felt throughout the organization and the manager should be prepared to deal with any resistance to the change. Employees who continue to resist, remain agitated are often categorized as difficult ones (Pettigrew, 2000). But the truth remains that they feel more vulnerable and may need individual counseling or assurance from the manager to discuss the change and how it affects his performance expectations. It is also important to realize that change can be triggered from both internal and external elements. External triggers encompass developments in materials or technology, shift in consumer needs and demands, actions and innovations from the competitors, new regulations and laws, shifting local or global trade scenarios, political changes and/or changes in cultural and social values. Internal triggers can be innovations in service/product design, ideas to boost performance and morale, job restructuring, change in senior management, insufficient knowledge base, innovations due to training workshops, business relocation, identification of issues, better process of manufacturing and/or improved ideas for service delivery to the customers. Usually the actions of the top management are a reaction to some external agent; tougher competition, shifting market trends or better technology (Pettigrew, 2000). It is vital to realize the importance of change as the key to survival and growth in todays fast paced global economy. Reluctance to change poses the threat of becoming stale and unresponsive. The main challenge is to remain alive and move swiftly and easily. Organizations that are able to embrace and adjust successfully to the change process are the ones who involve their people in it. It is an undeniable fact that the employees of the organization have to face and adhere to the change process and they are crucial in bringing about change. Proper management of the human aspect of change has multifold benefits. Not only does it guarantee successful execution and proper utilization of the technical solutions, it also sets the perfect ground for implementation of future solutions. (Burnes, 2000) CONCLUSION The rate of organizational change has not declined in the past years and with the current pace of economy, it not likely to decline in the near future also. This leaves the organizations with only one option; to adapt and embrace change as efficiently as possible. The swift and continuous developments in technology are leading organizations to change their systems and procedures. (Stickland, 2005) A lot of organizations take a lot of time to embrace and adjust to new economic trends while some implement them without difficulty. New trade ways require new ways for organizations to conduct business (Kotter, 2005). Globalization has shrunk distances and has eliminated the former obstacles in the market. In such a situation, unremitting change has become the soul of organizational life. The irony is that in most of the organizations, despite the ever changing economic scenario and the thrift competition, the operational plans and structures still reflect upon the previous ideals and real ities, making the inertia of the organization the most critical barrier to change (Beardwell, 2004). This failure is a result of a variety of factors, like the absence of a change custodian or the fact that the person trying to initiate change is at a junior position, poor support from the management, lack of appropriate project management skills, all hopes pinned to one solution, lamely or loosely defined objectives and/or the focus of the change unit on a lot of projects instead of the key project. (Knights, 2002)

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Big Brother :: Creative Writing Essays

Big Brother "Wake up!" a stern voice called from above. Her weary eyes slowly began to open. It was absolutely bright, however no windows were visible. Only electric lights running endlessly in parallel lines covered the ceiling of the hall. She was sitting in the very centre; her head crouched between her knees. She was afraid to speak or question where she might be. She could hear footsteps in the distant but could not make out where they were coming from. The burning lights had gradually blinded her eyes. This must be the Ministry of Love she thought. It seemed hours ago that she was thrown violently into this premises and she was starving. She understood why she was here but did not understand how. She participated in sexual acts that were strongly condemned by the Party. The crime would be punished by death, no questions asked. When will they shoot her? She wanted her life to end now. Freedom is to say that humans have two eyes. She will never experience freedom again she pondered. O'Brien entered the hall. She could tell by his distinctive strides. He grabbed her by the hair and began speaking in an authoritative tone, "You are here for committing crimes against the Party's principles. You are thinking why I am not going shoot you. Are you not?"She gave him a look of disgust and purposefully did no answer. "There is no need to be silent," he commanded, pulling her hair even harder. She was not going to allow physical intimidation to force her to speak. "You will have to talk sooner or later. I will help you Julia. You must understand that you desperately need help. What are your feelings towards Big Brother?" he assured her. Silence. She was not going to answer him she had nothing to lose. She knew she was going to die and she wanted to die defiant. "How many eyes do human beings have?" O'Brien asked her. Silence. "You are thinking two. Of course you are. It is unquestionable. However, humans have three eyes, not two. You think this is ridiculous. Look again. Concentrate. Tell me how many eyes to humans have? Look closer," he ordered, giving her a hard kick. Silence. "Before I leave you for the time being, think about these questions: How do you feel about Big Brother and Winston Smith? Remember humans have three eyes. You did see it, did you not?

Sunday, November 10, 2019

History in the Making Essay

History†¦it’s who we are and where we come from. From cave men to cars that run on compost, history happens every day. Everything that has happened in history is absolutely fundamental in our current day existence. From the Revolutionary Era to the Cold War, America has come so far, and through the War on Terror, we continue to march on†¦ making every action history. The Revolutionary Era: After the British spent an extreme amount of money defending the Colonies against the French, they decided to shift some of the expenditures to the colonists. The result led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 (Lib. Of Congress, p. 1), when the colonists rebelled against the British and their absurd tax on tea in order to re-coop defense expenditures. Reactions such as this led to the necessitation of order, which led to the Declaration of Independence, and the Revolutionary Era. The Constitution: As a result of deciding not to amend the current Articles of Confederation, a new frame of government was born. 55 delegates from age 26 to age 81 debated, redrafted and created what is now known as the Constitution of the United States. These articles clarified many topics such as how much control the government should have in certain areas, how representatives should be elected, and many other issues we still live by today. Since it’s publishing in 1787, there have been 27 amendments to the original version. Jeffersonianism: Derived from the term Jeffersonian, and named for its discoverer, the Jeffersonianism philosophy held that each man had a right to have a say-so in government, believed in the expansion of human freedom, and believed that every person had a right to be educated. It also supported reliance on the farmer and agriculture, instead of relying solely on History in the Making 3 industry to boost the economy. Hamiltonism, which followed Jeffersonianism, was believed to be an evil stigma to Jeffersonianism by Jeffersonians. Civil War: Brother against brother, the revolutionized nation could not decide whether or not the government should have control over the states, industrialization, and most importantly, slavery. The southern states, or the Confederate States of America, decided to take matters into their own hands and individualized themselves to make their own rules. This led to the Civil War, where one nation quarreled with its counterpart. Although the North won, losing over half a million soldiers did not make the impact any easier for anyone to handle. Reconstruction: After the period of the Civil War, a period of Reconstruction began. Attempts were made to solve differences between the Union and the 11 Confederate states that had seceded from the Union. Though opposition from the Radical Republicans was evident, the Reconstruction Act of 1867 was passed, and military districts in the South were re-established. The South had no choice but to accept the 14th and 15th amendments of the Constitution (39th Congress, p. 1). The New South: Although the days of slavery had ended, the Southern states continued to retain control over their civilization. With the abolition of slavery came anger from loss of control, which led to the birth of the Black Codes. The Black Codes allowed whites to control the newly freed slaves by regulating the type of work black people could do, the hours they worked, and prevented blacks from raising their own crops. Freedom was not freedom after all. Foreign Affairs: Lack of support from the European economies post Civil War distressed the cotton crops, as the producers became overstocked. The North added some restriction to the History in the Making 4 Southern ports, and our foreign allies soon found other sources to fulfill their needs, which hurt the South tremendously. Industrialization: As America advanced, so did the way work was performed. Not only did industrialization bring forth machinery, it also was the birth of transportation and communication. Andrew Carnegie’s steel industry revolutionized transportation. The rails made from refined steel created necessary use of the railroad system, as did communication with the use of the telegraphs and telephone systems (Feldmeth, p. 1). Progressive Era: Along with industrialization came those who felt that anything old was inefficient and useless. These reformers brought forth the Efficiency Movement, which argued that the economy, society and government were inefficient. Frederick Winslow Taylor coined the term â€Å"one best way† with the idea that there was one best way to fix everything. He, along with several other engineers improved industrial efficiency. World Wars: Taking place mostly in Europe, the First World War between the Allied Powers (France, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, Italy and the U. S) and the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire) was a result of the assassination of the Austrian throne heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. This event soon led to a full fledged war. The Treaty of Versailles would end the first war, and stake victory for the Allied Powers, but controversy over its contents would soon lead to World War II. The second war between the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and the Empire of Japan) would be the deadliest war to date, killing over 60 million people. This war resulted in victory for the Allied Powers. History in the Making 5 The Depression: In 1929 our nation suffered the worst market plunge to date. The stock market crash, in conjunction with the outrageous cost of WWII, led to great losses for many people. Soon, supply exceeded demand. Cities based heavy in industry-type operations, including those outside of the U. S. were hit especially hard. Farmers were also a target, as the price for crops fell between 40 and 50 percent. The New Deal, or restructuring of the economy, enforced by President Roosevelt, would help lead the nation to recovery. The Cold War: The Cold War, as dubbed by Bernard Baruch and Walter Lippmann, is a term used to describe the growing tensions between the US and the Soviet Union. It would be the longest war to date, lasting from the mid 1940’s to the early 1990’s. Post WWII, the two nations could not agree on how to reconstruct the post war world. Wars including the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crises, and the Vietnam War were possible threats to lead into a third world war. The Cold War came to an end when Gorbachev launched his reform programs, Perestroika (reconstruction of the Soviet economy) and Glastnost (introduction of publicity and openness) (Wikipedia Staff, p. 1). It is almost impossible to summarize our nation’s history. So many events, far too many to place in a single composition of words, played key roles in the structure of how we live today. Needless to say, history continues to ensue every day. From our nation’s birth to the Cold War to the hanging of Saddam, America will continue to write a story we all should be so eager to read. References 1. Library of Congress (1998). Revolutionary Period. Retrieved in January 2007 from www. americaslibrary. gov/cgi. bin/page. cgiljb/revolt. 2. 39th Congress (1866). 14th Amendment to the US Constitution. Retrieved in January 2007 from www. nps. gov/archive/malu/documents/amend14. htm. 3. G. Feldmeth (2000). American Industrialization. Retrieved in January 2007 from www. home. earthlink. net/~gfeldmeth/lec. indust. html. 4. Wikipedia Staff (2001). Definitions for Perestroika and Glastnost. Retrieved in January 2007 from www. en. wikipedia. org.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Chello essays

Chello essays In the ancient world, violence was part of everyday life in ways we do not experience today. Some societies, such as the Greeks and India constructed cultural ideas and institutions to deal with violence. While some accepted it in and made it part of their cultural ideals, others tried to contain it and control it. Both the Greeks and Indian civilizations had there own ways to deal with the topic; violence. While one saw violence as a part of life if it was in your caste, your destiny (India), the other saw it as a form of greatness (Greece). To the Greeks violence is a way to help others. In the Indian Civilization from what we can see, whats written in the Bhagavad Gita, violence is seen as a way of life. Violence is not for everyone, but only for the warrior caste. And if you were in the warrior caste violence was your life, your job, which you had to do with out any regrets. As said in the intro to the Bhagavad Gita, While recognizing the ultimate goal of human life to be escape from endless rebirth through the achievements of Nirvana, it nevertheless maintains that one should participate actively in the affairs of this world, fulfilling the duties of ones station in life............. Without yearning for the results to which such actions will lead. Meaning you have a job in life and thats to reach freedom and escape from endless rebirth and the only way to do that is to complete your duties and that all depend on what caste your in. If you happen to be in the warrior caste you job/duty is to kill and it doesnt matter if you win or loose its the thought tha! t you went out doing your job in life that will help you reach and escape route to endless rebirth. In the Bhagavad Gita, one of the main characters of the tale is Prince Arjuna, who is in the warrior caste. The tale begins as Arjuna goes out and surveys the scene of a war hes supposed to be ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Discover Australia essays

Discover Australia essays Canberra's latitude is 149 degrees east and the longtitude is 35 degrees south. The temperatures in Canberra vary considerably from summer to winter. Its freezing during winter seeing as the temperature often drops below zero at night and are usually below 10C in the day. In summer the temperatures are usually mild but can rise above 30C. The annual average rainfall is 632 mm. Canberra vegetation Eucalypt dominated. Canberra has the population of just over 300,000 which includes an aborignal population of about 500-2000 For over 21,000 years the Canberra area has been lived on by the Ngunawal and Walgalu aborignal people, Whilst white people have only occupied the space for about eighty years. The first European settler in the district was Joshua John Moore who established a sheep station called 'Canberry'. It's believed the name Canberry was based on an Aboriginal name for the area Kamberra/Kambery. In 1913 Canberra became the official name for the area. The Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, was declared on 1 January 1911. It became a self-governing territory in 1989. Canberra's main function being Australia's capital territory is government, with the parliament house being situated there. Canberra is growing, and has been ever since it was annouced as Australia's capital teritory. Newcastle's latitude is 149 degrees east and its logitude is 33 degrees south. The average temperature during summer range from 19.5C to 27.2C and during winter from 7.7C to 17.2 C. The average rainfall is 1201mm. Newcastles vegetation is Wet sclerophyll forest. Newcastle has a poplulation of over 300,000 people 500-2000 of them being aboriginal. Prior to the city's founding, the area was occupied by the local aboriginal tribe the Koori. When abundance of coal was found in Newcastle it was quickly set up as a settlement deposits quickly led to Newcastle becoming a shipping and commercia...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

The advantages of taking challenging courses Essay

The advantages of taking challenging courses - Essay Example Doing a difficult course is neither preparation nor acceptance to failure. Even with the impending possibility of failure, Challenging course has some advantages. In this paper, I will discuss contemporary benefits of taking a difficult course Taking challenging courses helps one to get used to doing difficult things. Life is not comfortable, and the easy way out is in most cases a wrong way out. Students who are used to doing simple tasks will neither have the courage nor skill of doing most things since almost everything in life is not easy. At some point in life, one will be confronted with a difficult task that has to be done. Challenging courses despite full of struggles make the learner adept and adaptive. College education is expensive and choosing the most challenging courses allows one to get value for money. Avoidance of demanding courses may mean a student is failing to acquire crucial knowledge. Challenging courses have more exposures and engagements. If students choose a simpler cause, such great deal of learning opportunity is missed out. Challenging courses allows the learner to discover new abilities as they push their minds to the limits. Students as everybody else are restricted by their thoughts and engaging in challenging tasks enables the learner to test their capabilities. Easy courses offer a comfort zone that does not challenge the student to explore his or her ability. As much as natural courses are considered to be fun, challenging courses are adventurous, and there is beauty in it as well. Failure in one way or another is an imposter that everyone tries to avoid. When is cannot be avoided, failure may lead to demoralization and low self-esteem. Challenging courses increase the possibility of failure but in turn train the student to deal with failure. Failure, in this case, does not confine to academic endeavors but also entail possible outcome of everything one does. When a student doing a difficult course is successful,

Friday, November 1, 2019

Does the term organizational culture infer that an organization has a Personal Statement

Does the term organizational culture infer that an organization has a healthy culture - Personal Statement Example The term organizational culture does not imply health. Instead, it implies any behavior by the workforce in the organization. These behaviors are mainly products of the organization history, market, the style of management, or type of employees working in the organization. Some organizations that have a negative history of poor management or handling of employees find it very hard to eradicate the negative cultures that erupted during these times (Alvesson 13). However, even when elements of these cultures are remaining, the organization cannot be said to be healthy. Therefore, an organization with a healthy culture is one that has been able to eliminate negative culture either through introducing change or replacing a generation of employees with new ones. Some of the positive cultures that makes the organization to be referred as healthy include; innovation, emphasis on outcome, emphasis on customers, teamwork, etc. However, these can be tarnished by negative cultures such as discr imination. Therefore, the top managers have a role of ensuring that the organization has a positive

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Israeli-Iran Conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Israeli-Iran Conflict - Research Paper Example A wide range of threats are evident with the current nuclear production in Iran that includes even asymmetric warfare. Iran acts strategically in this conflict and by gaining her support from Iraq and Afghanistan, she posses even a greater threat to other countries. Global economy runs at a risk if Iran would target the Gulf area, which is the main hub of all petroleum exports to global market. Thus, the Iran-Israeli conflict puts into picture other players such as the United States, Iraq and the southern gulf (Cordesman, 2011, 1). Israel has threatened to strike the nuclear energy plants in Iran for what she calls a bleach of the policy of international sanctions, in which Iran was prohibited from furthering her nuclear weapon production. This was confirmed by a report released by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on 14 September 2012 (Racimora, 2012, 1). Unconfirmed rumors indicate that Israel might be planning a preemptive air strike to the nuclear states in Iran. Much has been speculated on a possible collaboration of Israel and the United States in the preemptive strike mission. This has been discussed in details, spilling over even to the recent presidential polls in the U.S. Speculations showed a possible erupt of a war between the two countries during this time and this was a key campaign issue over the two presidential contenders; Mitt Romney and the newly elected president Barrack Obama

Monday, October 28, 2019

American Retirement Corporation Essay Example for Free

American Retirement Corporation Essay American Retirement Corporation (ARC) is an operator of senior living communities. The company is a senior living and health care services provider offering a broad range of care and services to seniors, including independent living, assisted living, skilled nursing and therapy services. The company operates around 65 senior living communities in 14 states, with an aggregate unit capacity of approximately 12,900 units and resident capacity of approximately 14,500. Across the United States, the company owns 19 communities, leases 41 communities, and manages five communities pursuant to management agreements. The company operates in three distinct business segments: retirement centers, free standing assisted living communities (ALCs), and management services. The company operates large continuing care and retirement communities (CCRCs) and independent living communities (retirement centers) that provide an array of services, including independent living, assisted living, Alzheimers and skilled nursing care. The companys retirement centers are the largest segment of the companys business and comprise around 27 of the 65 communities that the company operates, with unit capacity of approximately 8,100, representing approximately 63% of the total unit capacity of the companys communities. The companys free standing ALCs provide specialized assisted living care to residents in a comfortable residential atmosphere. Most of the free standing ALs provide specialized care such as Alzheimers, memory enhancement and other dementia programs. These communities are designed to provide care in a home-like setting. At each of its free standing ALCs, the company provide personalized care plans for each resident, extensive activity programs, and access to therapy or other services as needed. Jack C. Massey, Dr. Thomas F. Frist, Sr. , and a small group of prominent local businessmen founded American Retirement Corp. in February 1978. Historically, the company operated large CCRCs and independent living communities that provided an array of services, including independent living, assisted living and skilled nursing care in large, often campus style settings. The company formed American Retirement Communities in February 1995, through a combination of certain entities that owned, operated, or managed various senior living communities. American Retirement became a wholly owned subsidiary of American Retirement Communities in February 1997 (Datamonitor, December 2005). ARC began to develop and acquire a number of free-standing assisted living communities in 1999, most of which began operations during 1999 and 2000. In 2001, the company purchased assisted living residences in partnership with CNL Retirement, namely the Broadway Plaza at Pecan Park in Arlington, Texas and the Homewood Residence in Boca Raton, Florida. In Boca Raton, ARC could be availed through the Homewood Residence, a senior community designed to help those who need assistance with daily activities such as bathing, dressing and administering needed medication. According to the Homewood Residence Website, the service they provide is â€Å"just like family†, the extra assistance their clients may need with their daily activities, while helping them maintain the privacy, dignity and independence (Homewood Residence Website). Boca Raton, located in the Palm Beach County, has a healthy economy and wealthy retirees. Its primary growth is relying mainly on the tourism industry. Palm Beach County’s growth, on the other hand, is concentrated in biotechnology, electronics, and computer industries. The largest employers are in the public sector, federal and state government, public schools, and Florida Atlantic University. In Boca Raton, there is also an increased number of older populace. Businesses must deal with the shifts in demands for goods and services brought on by the desires and needs of older consumers (Howell, 1997). The issues facing the delivery of goods and services in general are magnified in the health care arena. Efforts to reach older consumers often are hampered by failure to understand the requirements and preferences of this population. According to the Boca Raton Comprehensive Annual Report (September 2005), the Milken Institute Index listed the Boca Raton market as the fourth in the â€Å"2004 Best Performing Cities Index† in the country for economic strength and job and wage growth. With a shortage of affordable housing, Boca Raton has introduced a workforce housing ordinance and is in the process of developing mixed use options as tools for providing additional housing in areas previously reserved for non residential uses. The Report also proudly states that Boca Raton is the location of several Fortune 500 companies and nearly 3,000 businesses, employing over 38,000 people because of its low taxes, strong employment base, and quality of life, Boca Ratons business community is thriving (See Table 1). Table 1. Boca Raton’s Top Employers Among the three counties in Florida, Palm Beach has experienced the greatest population growth in absolute numbers and in population density. It also has the oldest population. According to the 2000 US Census, Palm Beach County has 1,131,184 residents (See Table 2). Residents of Palm Beach County also have a higher per-capita income than in the other two counties. Miami-Dade County is clearly the largest of the three, in geographic size and population. Palm Beach and Broward Counties have similar proportions of their population that are uninsured, approximately 15 percent, and Miami Dade has the highest at 25 percent (Jackson Beatty, 2003, p. 7). In the issue of income, Boca Raton has a high income per capita. Table 3 provides the data of income distribution by age group and by ethnicity in the year 1999. Table 2. Palm Beach Demographics PALM BEACH COUNTY FL US POPULATION Number Number Number Total population 1,131,184 Square miles (land) 1,974. 11 Population per square mile 573. 01 296. 37 79. 56 GENDER Number Pct Pct Pct Male 546,739 48. 3 48. 8 49. 1 Female 584,445 51. 7 51. 2 50. 9 AGE Number Pct Pct Pct 15 or younger 201,715 17. 8 19. 0 21. 4 16-24 113,057 10. 0 12. 2 13. 9 25-44 305,041 27. 0 28. 6 30. 2 45-64 249,295 22. 0 22. 7 22. 0 65+ 262,076 23. 2 17. 6 12. 4 Number Number Number Average age (years) 42. 55 39. 53 36. 22 RACE AND ETHNICITY Number Pct Pct Pct White 894,207 79. 1 78. 0 75. 1 Black or African American 156,055 13. 8 14. 6 12. 3 American Indian and Alaska native 2,466 0. 2 0. 3 0. 9 Asian 17,127 1. 5 1. 7 3. 6 Native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 692 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 Some other race 33,709 3. 0 3. 0 5. 5 Two or more races 26,928 2. 4 2. 4 2. 4 Hispanic or Latino 140,675 12. 4 16. 8 12. 5 Sources: U. S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census; ePodunk Note: Hispanic ethnicity is a separate data category from race. This number should not be added to race totals. Table 3. Incomes in 1999 Boca Raton, Florida BOCA RATON FL US MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME BY AGE ($ IN 1999) Number Number Number Median household income 60,248 38,819 41,994 Householder under 25 24,080 22,861 22,679 Householder 25-34 49,871 39,021 41,414 Householder 35-44 73,110 46,291 50,654 Householder 45-54 82,033 50,347 56,300 Householder 55-64 71,315 42,971 47,447 Householder 65-74 52,321 32,398 31,368 Householder 75 and older 43,971 25,085 22,259 PER CAPITA INCOME BY RACE OR ETHNICITY ($) Number Number Number Per capita income 45,628 21,557 21,587 White 48,463 23,919 23,918 Black or African American 16,275 12,585 14,437 Native American 31,123 16,598 12,893 Asian 22,469 20,429 21,823 Native Hawaiian and Pacific islander 13,569 15,251 15,054 Some other race 14,023 11,431 10,813 Two or more races 20,589 13,514 13,405 Hispanic or Latino 25,476 15,198 12,111 Sources: U. S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census; ePodunk Moreover, the Health Care District of Palm Beach County provides a source of funding for low-income residents to gain access to health care coverage and maintains a comprehensive trauma system in Palm Beach County, Florida. Other services include: rehabilitation/long-term care, nurses in public schools, behavioral health professionals in public schools, senior services and childrens health insurance programs (HCDPBC Website). HCDs mission is to â€Å"maximize the health and well being of Palm Beach County residents by addressing their health care needs and planning for the access and delivery of services. † Health care has become one of the most vibrant sectors of the American economy, frequently a leader in economic growth, and the largest employer. Its research-based medicine focused on the use of pharmaceuticals, mechanical devices, and surgery, intervention strategies that reflect an earlier view of the body as a machine, paying relatively little attention to internal processes of problem-solving that occur normally (Heirich, 1998, p. 343). According to Andersen, Rice and Kominski (2001), improving access to health care can be greatly facilitated by a new generation of access models and indicators. These should stress the importance of contextual as well as individual characteristics to promote policies to improve access for defined populations. Also, these should focus on the extent to which medical care contributes to peoples health. Access measures should be developed specifically for particular vulnerable population groups. These measures are especially important because of the cross-cutting needs of many of the vulnerable groups: persons with HIV/AIDS, substance abusers, migrants, homeless people, people with disabilities, and those suffering from family violence. Improving equity, effectiveness, and efficiency should be the guiding norms for research on access. Among the most important areas for research are: †¢ Promoting successful birth outcomes—research on the relationships among medical risk factors, the content of prenatal care and birth outcomes †¢ Reducing the incidence of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases—research on the relationships among race, barriers to access, and infectious disease †¢ Reducing the effects of chronic diseases and prolonging life—research concerning the differences in use of high-cost discretionary care according to gender, ethnicity, income, and insurance status and whether these differences represent overuse or underuse of these services. †¢ Reducing morbidity and pain through timely and appropriate treatment— research exploring methods to better define what constitutes timely and appropriate use of physician services References American Retirement Corp. (2005, November 5). Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Datamonitor Database at http://dbic. datamonitor. com/companies/company/? pid=BAC9B41D-2415-44CF-8228-1C8B736DCBA8 American Retirement Corporation Website. http://www. arclp. com/index. html Andersen, R. M. , Rice, T. H. , Kominski, G. F. (2001). Changing the U. S. Health Care System. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Boca Raton Income Overview. Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Epodunk Website at http://www. epodunk. com/cgi-bin/incomeOverview. php? locIndex=8367 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report of the City of Boca Raton, Florida. (2005, Spetember 30). Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Boca Raton Government Website at http://www. ci. boca-raton. fl. us/city/Council3. cfm Heirich, M. (1998). Rethinking Health Care: Innovation and Change in America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Homewood Residence Website. http://www. seniorhousingnet. com/seniors/search/brochure/pr_brochure. jhtml? pid=552999name=hrbocaratontrigger=shnsource=a1shzr2t070 Howell, W. C. (1997). Forward, perspectives, and prospectives. In A. D. Fisk W. A. Rogers (Eds. ), Handbook of human factors and the older adult (pp. 1–6). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Jackson, C. A. , Beatty, A. (2003). Organization and Financing of Indigent Hospital Care in South Florida. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Palm Beach Population Overview. Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Epodunk Website at http://www. epodunk. com/cgi-bin/popInfo. php? locIndex=8814

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Hiv: The Search For A Vaccine Essay -- essays research papers fc

In 1985, over 10,000 cases of AIDS were reported worldwide (White and Fenner 1986). Just over a decade later, in 1998, the Global AIDS Policy Coalition estimated that 30.6 million people were infected with HIV worldwide. It has also been projected that by the year 2000, between 40 and 70 million adults will be infected with HIV (New Generation Vaccines 1997). Over 90% of all HIV-1 infected individuals live in developing nations: 50% in Southeast Asia and 40% in sub-Saharan Africa. However, even with all of these alarming statistics and projections, there is hope for the future of humanity. This hope is a potential anti-AIDS vaccine. An anti-AIDS vaccine is the best bet. Among other factors, the large costs associated with therapeutic drugs do not allow many AIDS patients receive them. This is especially true in the developing nations, constituting over 90% of all HIV infections worldwide (Bloom 1995). Before discussing the development of a potential vaccine, it is imperative to briefly discuss characteristics of HIV itself and also the immune system that these vaccines would target. HIV, a retrovirus from the Lentivirus subfamily, contains ssRNA nucleic acid. Some of its other characteristics include: an icosahedron capsid, various enzymes (including reverse transcriptase), and envelope with the glycoproteins gp 120, gp 41, and gp160. The genes of HIV-1 can be placed into 3 general categories: structural, regulatory, and accessory genes. The structural genes include gag, pol, and env. The regulatory genes include tat and rev. The accessory genes are nef, vpr, vpu, and vif (Vaccines 1999). There are two major branches to the immune system in primates: a humoral or adaptive branch and a cell-mediated or innate branch. The cell-mediated immune response operates through MHC I via CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells). Antibodies are not secreted through this branch of the immune system, and the cell-mediated immune response generally targets viruses and other intracellular antigens. The humoral immune response operates through MHC II via CD4+ (helper T cells). The humoral branch secretes antibodies, which generally target extracellular antigens like bacteria and fungi. There are many obstacles in the way of HIV vaccine development. First, since HIV often mutates its surface glycoprotein (gp120), it has many strains, and the immune response cannot target all of the poss... ...type of vaccination could be enhanced in conjunction with subunit vaccines. In conclusion, there has been a great deal of progress in the development of an anti-AIDS vaccine. The research and knowledge for HIV vaccine development has made great strides in the last decade. Since there are many limitations associated with classical vaccine strategies that incorporate attenuated viruses or inactivated viruses, most efforts in the development of an HIV vaccine are utilizing innovative approaches. Many of these innovative vaccines are very promising, such as the subunit vaccines and the recombinant vector vaccines. Hopefully, it is only a matter of time before a vaccine will be discovered from which all of humanity can benefit. Works Cited Bloom, Barry R. "A Perspective on HIV Vaccines." Science. 272: 5270. (1995) Kuby, Janis. Immunology. 3rd Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, 1997. Plotkin, Stanley A. and Orenstein, Walter A. Vaccines. 3rd Ed. W.B. Saunders Company, 1999. White, David O. and Frank J. Fenner. Medical Virology. 3rd Ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986. "The HIV Vaccine: Situation Analysis." Information for the AIDS Treatment Educator. v. 1, Oct. 1996.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Mr Burak Ceylan

The social aspect of the internet is now attracting people who wouldn't otherwise have used the internet on a regular basis for any other purpose. This growing social element to the internet, web 2. 0, is also widely recognised as a commercial ground for marketing on a large scale to the now accessible millions of people around the world. Seeing as both social media and universities are very community-based, it's only fitting that Victoria University should seek to attract people towards their thriving university community by using innovative next generation marketing campaigns which take omplete advantage of the internet facilities available. In order to achieve further expansion the university needs to focus on marketing their unique selling propositions within social media to prospective sstudents across several market segments. The process of attracting sstudents to a campus is not an easy one, but if these new-age tools are used to their fullest potential by setting marketing ob jectives and detailing strategies, the extended reach of the web can make the whole of Australia aware of the many offerings of VU when comparing the university to its competitors. The Market SegmentsThe target market from a broad perspective are of course undergraduate and post-graduate sstudents who are seeking to further their educations with a bachelors or masters degree. Specifically, VU targets prospective sstudents of low socioeconomic status. This is evident from their efforts in providing many work-iintegrated-learning programs which assist the hundreds of sstudents who are struggling to make a living while studying simultaneously. The undergraduate sstudents are mostly made up of fresh high school graduates who have only recently received their Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) or equivalent.Meanwhile, a study performed on 2008 post-graduate sstudents coincluded that around 30% of bachelor degree graduates proceed to further study immediately, while the rest come ba ck to study a post-graduate degree later on in life (Graduate Careers 2012). It's safe to assume based on these figures that many post-graduate sstudents return at a later stage in their lives to participate in post-graduate study. The market segment of post-graduates sstudents aren't only comprised of existing bachelor degree sstudents or alumni, they also consist of graduate sstudents from competing universities.VU appears to maintain a firm focus on their website, www. vu. edu. au, on servicing all areas of the student body. The website has sections pertaining to future sstudents, international sstudents, current sstudents and alumni. While the homepage and the offered online services and testimonials reaffirm the university's integrity, there aren't many elements of the website or its hyperlinks which show that VU is implementing social media and new-age marketing into their promotional efforts. To develop a marketing strategy it is necessary to break down the target market into various segments so that it's easier to know which segments to market articular product offerings to. The market segment of the undergraduate student is one with a high school certificate who is looking to make an advancement in their education as the next stepping stone in building their career. As many undergraduates are young adults who've only recently finished high school, we can conclude that many of them belong to Generation Z. Generation Z are often appropriately termed as ‘Ddigital Natives' or ‘The Internet Generation' because they spend much of their time on the internet, accessing it through their computers and mobile devices, always staying connected.This only further highlights the significance of marketing to them through the use of social media and online advertising as thousands of them can be reached ddigitally (The Courier 2011). International sstudents are a market segment which are recognised by the university as valuable, especially when considering the significance of developing an international network between sstudents who are Australian citizens and those who are from foreign countries. As of 2008 there were at least 135,000 international sstudents in Melbourne alone with the number growing with each passing year (Dunn etal 2008).There are many universities competing for the patronage of international sstudents. VU's website seems to be focused on providing convenient services such as staff visits to over 30 countries, which are personalised on some level, in order to attract potential sstudents through partnering institutions. Although it's worth noting that this information wasn't easy to access, it was hidden beneath several other sub-categories of the ‘International Sstudents' section.The use of ecommerce to try and reach international sstudents has been initiated in an effective manner, but when contrasting these efforts to competitors we can see that there are many ways in which VU is providing convenience and advice, but not so much delivering their content in an interactive way. For instance, The University of Melbourne's page on international sstudents has a small calendar operating along the right side of the page which labels upcoming events (with times, dates and addresses) in different countries.A promotional effort which allows sstudents to easily access the information required while not intruding any other elements of the page. Also cleverly placed on the page are two YouTube videos which allow international sstudents to see the realistic lifestyle of a student living in Melbourne, while enticing them towards their facilities. Post-graduates are comprised of sstudents who have already received a bachelors degree at either VU or a competing university at some stage in their lives.As mentioned previously, only 30% of existing bachelor sstudents proceed directly to post-graduate studies. This leaves 70% of the market segment outside of the universities and most probably within the workforce, difficult to reach with the current marketing efforts of many universities. Post-graduate sstudents aren't a primary focus because it's believed that if they were to return to study that they're likely to return to the facilities which they're familiar with, which is why servicing current bachelor sstudents is important for VU.The New Era of Social Media Marketing The objectives of the university are to gather and empower sstudents from diverse countries, cultures and differing socioeconomic statuses and provide them with a high quality education. Marketing objectives of the university reflect these views through their focus on the VU ecommerce user experience as well as the use of online advertising. Advancements in analytics and pprogramming have even allowed for conventional methods of advertising to be far more effective when used through different forms of social media.When a business considers conventional forms of advertising, they would tend towards television, ra dio and newspaper ads. During the period of uprising online web 2. 0 trends, the internet has arguably become a greater medium for advertising than all other forms of conventional marketing. The amount of advertising content on the internet has drastically increased over recent years with many of the world's most powerful and influential companies being focused on online marketing as it has become a science of its own with many ingenious and creative new ways of marketing a product or service (Klever 2009).One of the more interesting ideas is behavioral targeting. It's a marketing concept as old as the widespread popularity of social media. Behavioural targeting is an idea which has been incorporated into several social media forms, namely Facebook. It describes a medium in which the user doesn't have their browser experience interrupted by intrusive pop-up advertisements, but rather the advertisements flow neatly with the rest of the page's content.The most important aspect of beha vioral targeting is that the consumer's own browsing actions influence the types of advertisements on the page. Modern day website coding has been developed to the extent that the ads are a part of the entire user experience rather than a frustrating component for every consumer (Klever, 2009). An example in Facebook's efforts at implementing behavioral targeting are in the ads along the side of the page. All of these ads are catered to the individual.When users on Facebook label their interests on their profile page, or if they click the ‘Like' button on pages or comment on group pages or photos, each one of those actions are linked in the backend of the website to a category. Advertisements from each of the user's favoured categories are then automatically associated with the individual consumer and then appear alongside the page every time they log onto their Facebook newsfeed. At scale, Facebook and its partnered advertising companies have been able to provide accuracy in ad targeting by interpreting the raw data gathered while their millions of users are active.With a click-through rate much higher than many competitors who are using dated forms of online advertising (pop-ups and whatnot), Facebook and other ssimilar forms of social media (Twitter, Google Plus, LinkedIn) can effectively help VU to target the market segments who are seeking to pursue undergraduate and postgraduate studies (Constine 2012). Engaging the social web creates a bridge between customers and businesses, whereby customers veer away from mere content consumption and towards collaborating with a social media form towards the business promotions which they offer.Analytics have even found in 2009 that more than 60% of the entire worldwide online community are using social networks and primarily browse on websites with a social element to them (Evans 2010). Another form of conventional marketing dominant in the web scene is the use of mobile ads within social applications on the p hones of consumers all around the world. Hitting the market rather abruptly, the use of marketing within ssmartphone applications has taken the mobile market by storm. The world's largest tech company, Apple Inc. has innovated the mobile phone industry with their products, the iPhone and iPad. Apple is the only tech company to date with a valuation of $1 trillion US dollars. And the majority of their revenue comes from sales of their iPhone product (Burrows 2012). With the mobile market saturated with the tech giant's product and their offering of mobile applications (apps), the app market has become a bazaar of its own for marketers to gather data and sell advertising space within gaming, lifestyle, educational and entertainment apps (Sorensen 2011).This is yet another new-age way for VU to market their graduate offerings and highlight their information sessions. Educational apps are used by many high school sstudents on electronic devices and are heavily encouraged to do so by the ir teachers and schools. Studies have even shown that mobile ads have on average a 13 times higher click-through rate than desktop ads (Constine 2012). Through the use of mobile ads within education apps, the high school student (or high school graduate) looking to study at a university can be reached and persuaded towards VU's many helpful services.Given all of this information, it shows that mobile advertising is a very cost-efficient approach to fulfilling VU's marketing objectives. The Innovations of Next Generation Marketing There are also more innovative methods of online marketing. To the surprise of many, the grasp of content marketing is enormous. Aside from Facebook there are many famous blogging websites, YouTube channels and podcasts which are all examples of how good quality content posted in peak hours can attract thousands of followers to a business or to individual bloggers (Nguyen 2012).It's since been proven that the idea of viral marketing, which is content going viral and spreading infectiously tthroughout the internet, lies in content marketing within a social media interface. By producing a well-received marketing campaign, many businesses have profited well from strategies based on the ‘network effect. ‘ The network effect explains that the value of each consumer is proportional to the number of other consumers they're able to connect with (Darell 2012).VU's representatives can post content on student blog websites, YouTube channels and podcast websites in order to show what the university offers that its competitors don't. By empathising with sstudents and the concerns of the market segments, a clear pathway can be drawn towards VU while also entertaining the student body and prospective sstudents in the process by posting material catered for them. Showing that VU understands the problems encountered by current and prospective sstudents and then proceeding to demonstrate how the university can help is the key to assist thes e social media marketing efforts in going viral.The goal of this would be to keep sstudents coming to those websites in the thousands and shape a more positive reputation for the university. Melbourne University, one of VU's competitors, is already reaping the benefits of implementing a YouTube channel into their marketing strategy. Through observation alone, one can see that VU has a number of official student Facebook pages. But even while being a member of most of them myself, I don't see Facebook ads catered to myself, a current bachelors degree student.If the university were to invest in this form of promotion then each time myself and other current undergraduates login, we would see a VU ad with potential post-graduate offerings every so often, but they're simply never present. The underlying issue is that the only social media presence that the university has is just for current sstudents. It would be preferable if VU were to have a sthronger social media presence which has t he ability to span out and attract other potential future sstudents rather than provide more accessibility for current ones.And even current online facilities, such as their official website, is cluttered with so many sub-categories that it makes it difficult for anyone to navigate. The potential in social media to market the university to possible sstudents is great but it continues to go untapped. Recommendations/Conclusions More social media services and innovations are becoming popular among rising numbers of web users all over the globe. Effective marketing campaigns on the internet have the potential to reach millions of worldwide users and match advertisements to their individual needs.Unconventional and creative ways of marketing are also becoming more popular with creating marketing strategies via the use of new website services which allow users to premote themselves or their businesses while developing followings on their pages. VU has its target markets set out in front of them and they have the resources to keep up to date with social media trends by exercising the marketing expertise of many of their academic staff and even their sstudents. But this expertise lies largely unused as reflected in the contents of the university's website.Not only would it be wise for VU to make further attempts of using web 2. 0 marketing to their advantage, but VU has the power to set the university apart as an innovator in the field of promoting the use of social media as a regular factor in their marketing plans. They can innovate by creating a presence across several new and uprising social websites in order to demonstrate a new-age train of thought in applying inventive methods of creating awareness of the many services which VU offers to undergraduates, post-graduates and international sstudents alike.