Comparitive Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1409 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Analytics Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Relationship Essay Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? Comparative Essay - - Write a comparative analysis of ‘An old man’s winter night’ by Robert Frost and ‘Lore’ by R. S. Thomas. Highlight each poet’s distinct attitude towards old age. Comment on the style through which the poets express how they feel about old age. Both Frost and Thomas draw upon the theme of old age in their poems. However in ‘Lore’ the theme of old age is portrayed as a positive thing and the persona defies the stereotype. Whereas in ‘An old man’s winter night’ we are presented with the stereotype about old age and old age is portrayed in a more negative light. In today’s society old age is often seen as a negative thing. Old people are being made to feel useless as they lose there independence. However some of them defy this stereotype and are still doing everyday activities with ease. ‘Lore’ and ‘An old man’s winter night’ are relevant to us because they are about old age and how it is both positive and negative. In the poem ‘Lore’ Job Davies is still farming and enjoying life even though he’s eighty-five. Job Davies, eighty-five/Winters old, and still alive† Whereas in ‘An old man’s winter night’ the old man is conveyed as frail, scared and he obviously feels useless to society which follows the natural stereotype of old age. Frost and Thomas both appreciate the beauty and harshness of nature to a certain extent. They both realise that it can be mans worst enemy. Frost draws on the typical stereotype of old age and often used physical isolation to reflect mans emotional isolation. Whereas, Thomas who was an Anglican clergyman worked with elderly people and he goes against the typical stereotype. He had an understanding of old people’s hopes and fears. He incorporated that into his poems. The biggest difference is that Thomas views nature as a rejuvenating source f or humans if they embrace it. Nature plays a part in both of the poems. However it is portrayed in two very different ways. ‘Lore’ is set in the welsh countryside, which is where most of Thomas’s poems were set. His daytime setting â€Å"dawn† reflects the message of the poem, and how it is a new beginning and brings a sense of hope. Also the persona knows his surroundings. This adds to him being more enthusiastic about his work and how he feels that age is just a number. However in ‘An old man’s winter night’ there is a huge difference in the setting as there is a sense of death, fear and the end due to the old house and the night time darkness. In contrast to ‘Lore’ the persona feels threatened and terrified by his surroundings and by this also feels useless, which follows the typical stereotype about old age. ‘Lore’ and ‘An old man’s winter night’ to an extent are reflective poems and throughout them their tone changes. In ‘An old man’s winter night’ the persona is very fearful, â€Å"and scared the outer night/which has sounds familiar, like the roar/of trees This suggests that the sounds of nature are apparently familiar to the old man but yet they still seem to threaten him. In old age he has become more vulnerable. Throughout the poem the old man comes off as being very lonely, â€Å"That gathers on the pane in empty rooms. † This emptiness is symbolic for the loneliness in the old man’s life. Whereas in ‘Lore’ the tone is the complete opposite of ‘An old man’s winter night’ In the first and second stanzas the tone is informal, enthusiastic and defiant, â€Å"Miserable? Kick my arse! † Job is showing that it doesn’t matter about age and thus adopts a defiant tone. In the last two stanzas the tone changes from being defiant to reflective, â€Å"Live large, man, and dream smal l. † This suggests that Job has immersed himself in nature and wants others to do the same, also this gives him sustenance. The viewpoints differ in the both poems as they are two very different poems. In ‘Lore’ the narration is in first person. This means that Job is directly addressing the reader throughout the poem. His rhetorical questions challenge the reader, â€Å"What’s living but courage? † This adds to the defiant tone. The persona in the poem does not lack confidence, â€Å"The great perch of my laugh. † This light hearted allusion to a chirpy bird suggests height and power. The use of 1st person reinforces Job’s feistiness. On the other hand, ‘An old man’s winter night’ has an omniscient narrator which means that it is being told from an all-seeing point of view, in contrast to ‘Lore’. Compared to Job the old man in this poem lacks confidence, â€Å"He consigned to the moon This suggests that the persona is not confident and seems to feel useless. Someone else must tell the story for him. Both poets’ attitudes to old age differ. In ‘Lore’ Thomas uses Job to portray that old age is not a negative thing and that it can be thought of as a new beginning, particularly if one draws on the sustenance offered by nature. However in ‘An old man’s winter night’ Frost thinks there is a fraught relationship between man and nature because in the poem the old man seems to fear nature, â€Å"and scared the outer night This is symbolic of the man’s fear of nature. ‘Lore’ has a regular rhyme scheme, whereas ‘An old man’s winter night’ has no specific rhyme scheme. The rhyming pattern in ‘Lore’ emphasises the rhythm of Jobs work, as when you read the poem its pace is upbeat and fast, just like Job. Whereas in ‘An old man’s winter night’ there is only one stanza. This repre sents the old man’s separation from the rest of the world and nature. The poem is also a narrative poem which in contrast to ‘Lore’ is told in a third person view. This also adds to the sense of loneliness and separation from the rest of the world. ‘Lore’ and ‘An old man’s winter night’ both use enjambment, but to different effects. They also use parenthesis in their poems. However in ‘Lore’ the rhyme scheme emphasises Jobs rhythm of work. He also has a jump in his step while he is telling us about his life and work. On the other hand ‘An old man’s winter night’ has no set rhyme scheme which makes the character of the old man seem more realistic. It is also symbolic of the old man’s loneliness and separation from the rest of the world. Thomas and Frost both incorporate the image of old men and nature/outside world. They also associate winter with death and portray nature as a harsh mis tress. The rhetorical questions in ‘Lore’ are challenges to the reader, and this adds the feel of defiance. The image of â€Å"bearded† not only leads us to think of old age and old men but also shows the extent of Jobs immersion in nature. Thomas uses the images of â€Å"porridge† and â€Å"tea† which are both traditional hearty foods which help to add to the image of the old farmer. Colloquialisms make the character of Job seem more realistic. Also the image of dawn shows that age can be the start of something new and not something that should be looked down upon. However in ‘An old man’s winter night’ images of the night time shows that the poet considers old age to be the end. Onomatopoeic verbs like â€Å"creaking† emphasise the emptiness of old age. Light is used as a symbol, â€Å"a light he was to no-one but himself† this conveys he is no use to anyone and that it follows the typical stereotype of age. Frost uses alliteration in his poem, â€Å"beating on a box† emphasises the echoing emptiness of the old man’s house, his loneliness and his separation from the natural world. In conclusion I would have to say that I preferred ‘Lore’ as it was a more enjoyable poem to read compared to ‘An old man’s winter night’ I felt that this poem was too confusing with its language and imagery. I also found that ‘Lore’ defies the typical stereotype and I like how it does this and that is why I prefer this poem. Gareth Hamill Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparitive Essay" essay for you Create order

The Hiv / Aids Epidemic - 1072 Words

As an upper-middle income country with high spending on healthcare, South Africa has been performing poorly on certain health indicators (as seen in Table 1), with their biggest issue being in the fight against HIV/AIDS (Country and Lending Groups, n.d.). They have one of the highest prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS in the world at 19.1%, and the incidence of new cases is increasing steadily (Milan, 2014; CIA, n.d.). To combat this growing problem President Jacob Zuma launched the largest HIV Counseling and Testing campaign in the world in April 2010 (â€Å"Global AIDS†, 2012). In the same year, the country also achieved a significant reduction in the price of antiretroviral medicines (ARVs) (â€Å"Global AIDS†, 2012). Despite this progress, these†¦show more content†¦As seen in Figure 1, the prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women increased dramatically from 1990-2010 (Medwiser, n.d.; †Eliminating mother-to-child†, 2012). South Africa needs to de vote greater resources on this group, in order to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, so these women do not pass it on to their future children. Figure 1. Prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women, South Africa, 1990-2010 (â€Å"Eliminating mother-to-child†, 2012) To combat mother-to-child transmission of HIV, the South African government implemented a PMTCT program in 2001 (Bodibe, 2013). When the program began, pregnant women with HIV took just a single tablet of a drug called Nevirapine during labor to prevent transmission, with very little intervention of any kind before and after the birth of the child (Bodibe, 2013). At the time the CDC recommended that women should avoid breastfeeding because it was another route of HIV transmission (Kuhn Kroon, 2015). From the CDC’s recommendation, the South African government committed to supplying formula to HIV-positive mothers (Bodibe,

milgrams study into obedience - 777 Words

Describe and discuss two factors that Milgram found effect obedience? Refer to empirical evidence in your answer Milgram’s original study into obedience came under to a lot of scrutiny because of both mythological and ethical problems. This meant that the validity of Milgram’s study was put into question. Following the study were further investigations to see what might change and explain the results that Milgram found, both by Milgram himself and other psychologists. Variations to his study throw up interesting theories to the situational and dispositional factors that might affect levels of obedience. One variation of Milgram’s study investigated the role that buffers may have on the level of obedience of a individual. Two†¦show more content†¦The ecological validity in this experiment is greater than that in Milgram’s variation; this means that it can be generalised to everyday situations and can explain why people’s obedience may increase if the level if perceived authority and status increases and when the opposite effect occurs. To conclude, situational factors as seen above have been found to affect the level of obedience that somebody shows. However, there are important dispositional factors that need to be taken into consideration. People with a authoritarian personality may have a disposition to have a higher level of obedience. Milgram found that the among the people who gave the highest shocks did indeed have a authoritarian personality and blamed the leaner for the obedience. Crutchfield lead findings into conformity (1955); he found that conformers tend to have a high authoritarian views and were generally submissive. Obedience involves complex social roles this explains the link between personality, conformity and obedience. Privately a participant may not want to administer the shock, but publically when told to do so is submissive andShow MoreRelatedThe Milgram Study On Obedience1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe Milgram study was considered to be one of the most famous studies, on obedience in the hi story of psychology. The Milgram study was done by Stanley Milgram a Yale University psychologist, whose study was to focus on two things one being obedience to authority, and a persons personal conscience. The results of the study were remarkable, as according to (McLeod, 2007) 65 percent of two-thirds of the participants or teachers continued administering shocks to the highest voltage level of 450 voltsRead MoreBehavioral Study Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram1053 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience† by Stanley Milgram (1963) Stanley Milgram Yale University Group 1: Wasis Ali, Christopher Okpala, Michelle Walden, Estefany Majano General Psychology 1010 Ms. Thompson Spring Semester, March 17, 2014 Introduction In 1961, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology published an article by Stanley Milgram, a researcher at Yale University, and his study testing obedience towards political influence vs towards morals and values taught from an early ageRead MoreStanley Milgram s Obedience Study1325 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology 230 Stanley Milgram’s obedience study has become one of the most timeless experiments and is thought of as a work of art. In this experiment, Milgram examined if individuals would take requests from authority figures regardless if they felt that the requests were ethical or not. Milgram chose members for this study by daily paper advertising for male participants to partake in an investigation at Yale University. In World War II, Nazis justified killings by saying that they were simplyRead MoreBehavioral Study Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram1313 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiment performed by Stanley Milgram titled â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†. Stanley Milgram conducted his study in June of 1961 at Yale University. Three months prior to the start of the experiment, a former Nazi war criminal named Adolf Eichmann was put on trial for his involvement with the Nazi party. At the time, society questioned whether Eichmann and other war criminals could be held responsible for their crimes or if they were simply following orders. Milgram designed his experiment to shedRead MoreThe Fundamental Attribution Error : The Milgram Obedience Study Performed By Stanley Milgram957 Words   |  4 Pagessituation. Studies show that in most cases socially we want to fit in with a group, don’t want to be different, don’t want to be wrong, and in many instances act different than what our typical personality and values are based on influencing social factors. One of the main factors that often contributes to how we act in certain situations is to obey those in authority positions. The studies provided below are examples of the show how behaviors can change based on social factors. The Milgram ObedienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Behavioral Study Of Obedience 965 Words   |  4 Pagessubmission or obedience.   In Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†, he elaborates on the notion of obedience with accordance to the behaviors of a higher power and his subjects. Milgram’s defines obedience as â€Å"the psychological mechanism that links individual  action  to political  pur-pose.  It  is the dispositional  cement  that  binds men to systems of authority† (371). Milgram’s experiment was conducted with response to the Nazi war trials. Through experimentation, Milgram discovered theRead MoreThe Concentration Camps : Dr. Milgram s Study On Obedience Of Everyday Normal People990 Words   |  4 Pageshe does best to find support for his position from others in his group. The mutual support provided by men for each other is the strongest bulwark we have against the excesses of authority. (Milgram, 1974) In 1963, the Yale psychologist Milgram had performed a very controversial experiment on the obedience of participants towards an authority’s orders. He had discovered that a very small marginal of participants could resist the demands of an authority figure. This experiment was about learningRead MoreOutline the Simalarities and Differences Between Milgrams (1963) Obedience Study and Burgers (2009) Replication1550 Words   |  7 PagesKaren Bullen R2208481 DE 100 Investigating Psychology 1 TMA02 Outline the similarities and differences between Milgrams (1963) obedience study and Burgers (2009) replication. This essay will look at an important key psychological experiment carried out by the renowned social psychologist Stanley Milgram which was carried out in the early 1960’s (Banyard 2012) to determine how far ordinary people would go to inflict pain to a fellow human based on instruction from an authority figure, andRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesStill, many questions still remain prevalent as to how an individual reaches his or her decision on obedience in a distressing environment. Inspired by Nazi trials, Stanley Milgram, an American psychologist, questions the social norm in â€Å"Perils of Obedience† (1964), where he conducted a study to test how far the average American was willing to for under the pressures of an authority figure. Milgram s study showed that under the orders of an authoritative figure, 64% of average Americans had the capabilityRead MoreStanley Milgram s Research On Obedience863 Words   |  4 PagesStanley Milgram s groundbreaking studies on obedience certainly shocked the world with their electrifying results. The experiment that Milgram conducted included ordinary people delivering â€Å"shocks† to an unknown subject, which caused much controversy to occur and raised many questions in the psychological world. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist at the University of California and one of Milgram’s colleagues, attacks Milgram’s ethics in her review. She decides that Milgram s tests are unethical towards

Statutory Interpretation Identification Phase

Question: Discuss about theStatutory Interpretationfor Identification Phase. Answer: Introduction In the mentioned case, Brian being an expert of demolition of buildings is contacted by Matthew to advise him on the procedure of safe demolition of a huge building. Brian gives a brief explanation about the demolition procedure to Matthew and his men. Matthew insisted Brian to give expert advice regarding his plan to demolish a building in order to construct a shopping centre overseas. He left the plans with Brian for future advice. A terrorist attack is caused few days later at the Rialto Tower in Melbourne and the federal police arrests him under section 101.2 of the Criminal Code Act 1995 [Cth]. The Criminal Code Act 1995 [Cth] shall be applicable in the given factual circumstances. As per section 101.2 of the Act, any person who gives or receives training relating to the preparation for or engagement of a person in or providing assistance in a terrorist act is said to have committed an offence and is liable to imprisonment for term of 25 years. In the given scenario, Brian provides adequate information to Matthew regarding demolition of the building. He had the building demolition plans with him, which compelled the Federal Police to arrest him for the alleged Terrorist act. In the given scenario, the Federal Police arrested Brian under section 101.2 of the Act, which states if any person provides training or assistance or is in connection with a terrorist act, such person is said to have committed a terrorist act. The police investigated that he provided training on demolishing of buildings to Matthew and possessed building demolishing plan of the Rialto Tower. However, although Brian was not involved in the alleged terrorist act, he is alleged to have committed an offence under section 101.1 of the Act Criminal Code Act 1995. Operative Provisions The Federal police arrested Brian and was charged under the section 101.2 sub-section [1] of the Criminal Code Act [1995]. The officers told him that he is alleged to have committed the offence of causing terrorist attack at the Rialto Tower in Melbourne. The officers charged him for giving advice to the terrorists on demolishing of the building. He admitted that he did give advice to Matthew and his men on demolishing a building safely as Matthew wanted to demolish a building to create a shopping centre. He was not aware of the fact that Matthew and his men were planning to demolish a building with the people inside the building. The officers also alleged Brian to have been giving advice to people on demolishing buildings recklessly without confirming the identification of people. Brian admitted that he did not collect much information about Matthew and his men and neither did he check on the existence of the building that Matthew claimed to own. Based on these facts, the Federal Police officers alleged Brian to have committed an offence under section 101.2 and that he was engaged in the terrorist act as per Section 101.1 of the Act. The fact that Brian had given advice on demolishing of the building and provided detailed information about which explosives to be used and exactly where the same should be positioned in the building, led the officers to believe that Brian was engaged in the terrorist attack at the Rialto Tower in Melbourne. The officers believed that if Brian did not have any intention to conduct a terrorist attack, then he would have confirmed about Matthew and his men before giving them advice on demolition of buildings. Brian did not consider it important to confirm whether there was any such building overseas he so claims to own. These facts made the officers believe that he was engaged in the preparation of terrorist act and is in connection with the terrorists and charged him under Section 101.2 [1] of the Criminal Code Act 1995. Further, the officers alleged that Brian has been recklessly giving advice to people without obtaining adequate information about the people. The officers relied on the subsection (2) of Section 101.2 that Brian has recklessly given advice to the terrorist, which establishes the fact that he knew the terrorists and was in connection with the people planning or preparing a terrorist attack. Furthermore, the officer relied on subsection (1) of section 101.4 of the Act, which stipulates that if a person possessed a thing that is associated with the preparation and engagement of a terror act and the person is in connection with the people planning to conduct such terror act, the person is said to have committed an offense. In the given circumstances, Brian possessed the plans for conducting a bomb-blast in the Rialto Tower that was followed to implement the attack. Exploration Phase In this part of the paper, the actual purpose provided by section 101 of the Act is discussed. Section 101 is divided into 4 subsections each of them dealing with different situation in which a person can be held liable for the breach of provisions provided by the act. Statutory interpretation can be done based on three rules which are namely the Literal rule, the golden rule and the, mischief rule[1]. According to the literal rule of interpretation, the courts provide a dictionary meaning to the provisions provided by the Act in order to bring out the intention of the legislature[2]. According to the golden rule, the court deviates from the dictionary meaning of the provisions and gives it a new meaning but only if such meaning provides ambiguity to the statue and if such meaning is provided it would defeat the intention of the legislature[3]. According to the mischief rule of interpretation the court considers the fact that the present legislation was passed to cover a mischief, wh ich present previously and such mischief is addressed by the new legislation, when it interprets the provisions of the statue[4]. It can be analyzed by going through the provisions of Section 101 that the main purpose of the section is to identify the situation in which a person can be held responsible for committing a terrorist activity. Through the Section 101.1, the legislature has provided that any person who engages in a terrorist act is committing an offence. This section has a very clear meaning and there is no need to interpret it in any other way than the literal way or else it would defeat the purpose of the legislature to punish the individual committing a terrorist act. Through Section 101.1 of the Act, the legislature provides the specific circumstances in which a person can be held liable for providing training in relation to the terrorist act. Part one of the section provides that a person who receives or provides training with respect to a terrorist activity and has the knowledge of the same is liable under this cat. Here by the words knows the connection the legislature provides that the indivi dual must have the intention and knowledge to provide or receive training with respect to a terrorist activity according to the literal rule. In part two of the sub section 101.2 the legislature provides that a person who is providing or receiving training with respect to a terrorist activity without any knowledge or intention is also liable for breach of Section 101 if the individual is reckless. Here the word reckless provided by the legislature means that an act committed by an individual having knowledge of its potential danger but not taking reasonable precautions to address the danger carelessly[5]. A person can only be liable under this provision if he had knowledge about the potential danger of the act he had been involved in[6]. The person can also be involved in a terrorist activity if he has been in possession of a thing in relation to the terrorist activity or any other terrorist activity according to sub section 101.4. The Section further provides that a person can be h eld responsible even if a terrorist activity does not occur but the person had intention to cause the terrorist activity or even if he had been involved in any other terrorist activity. Thus it can be analyzed that the main purpose of section 101 is to provide that a person can be held responsible for a terrorist activity by providing or receiving training or being possession of a thing in relation to a terrorist activity having intention to commit such act or committing such act in a reckless manner. Application Phase In this part of the paper the rules of statutory interpretation would be applied to provision 101.2 and 101.4 of the Act so that it can be proved before the court that that Brian is guilty for the offence according to the Act. According to Section 101.2, an offence is said to be committed by a person if he had been engaged in receiving or providing training and such training is in relation to engagement or preparation or providing assistance with respect to a terrorist activity. The Section also applies if a person is found in possession of anything in relation to facilitating a terrorist activity. The legislature further provides that the individual must have knowledge that he is being engaged in a terrorist activity or had been reckless in ignoring the potential damage of his actions. In the present scenario it can been seen that Brian had no intention to engage in a terrorist activity and he further had no idea that Mathew and the three person along with him had intentions of causing a terrorist activity. It has to be noted in this case that Brian is a professional building Demolisher. It has to be assumed that he would have the knowledge that how dangerous a demolition process can be to the public. it also has to be assumed in this case that he should know the consequences of such techniques falling in wrong hand. According to the principles of statutory interpretation it is not the job of the court to doubt the ability of the parliament and to only provide proper meaning to the provisions in order to bring out the intention of the parliament[7]. The court can only divert from the literal meaning of the provisions if it is causing ambiguity or if it is not able to solve the defect it was introduced to address[8]. According to the section 101.2 it can be clearly indentified that Brian had been reckless in providing information and advice to Mathew about the demolition process without taking reasonable precautions to know that whether the building belong to Mathew or not. As he is a professional demolished he should have been aware of the risk of his actions. He should have taken proper precaution before providing such critical information to an unknown person. Here the question before the court is not to determine whether the result is fair or not but to give proper meaning to the word reckless This can be made simple through this example. A gun manufacturer cannot just sell a gun to anyone without verifying the fact that for what reason the gun is sought to be bought. If he does so he would be libel to the contribution in crime committed by the buyer[9]. According to Section 101.4 a person can be held liable for a terrorist act if he is found in possession of which is in connection to engagement, assistance or preparation of a terrorist activity and has knowledge about such activity or had not taken reasonable precautions towards avoiding the potential dangers of such activity. According to Sub section 5 of the act a person would not be responsible if he had no intention to cause a terrorist activity in relation to the possession of such thing. However it can be determined in this case that Brian being a professional must have verified the facts in relation to the building when he had the plan and thus he has been reckless according to part 3 (c) of Section 101.4. Thus he would be liable to be prosecuted under this Section and serve imprisonment. Reference Walker, Christopher J. "Inside agency statutory interpretation." (2014). Nourse, Victoria. "Elementary Statutory Interpretation: Rethinking Legislative Intent and History." (2014). Shobe, Jarrod. "Intertemporal Statutory Interpretation and the Evolution of Legislative Drafting."Colum. L. Rev.114 (2014): 807. Staszewski, Glen. "The Dumbing Down of Statutory Interpretation." (2015). Sartor, Giovanni, et al. "Argumentation Schemes for Statutory Interpretation: A Logical Analysis."JURIX. 2014. Anderson, Jill C. "Misleading like a Lawyer: Cognitive Bias in Statutory Interpretation."Harv. L. Rev.127 (2013): 1521. Kavanaugh, Brett M. "Fixing Statutory Interpretation." (2015): 2118. Solan, Lawrence M. "Precedent in Statutory Interpretation." (2016). Ekins, Richard. "Interpretive Choice in Statutory Interpretation."Am. J. Juris.59 (2014): 1. Seidenfeld, Mark. "A process failure theory of statutory interpretation." (2013). Eskridge Jr, William N. "Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal texts." (2013): 531-592.